tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52397358762732318282024-03-15T23:50:59.280-07:00施明鍵醫生: 健康新聞網本網頁收錄了近年在加拿大中文電臺播放的講稿。 如果對資料有進一步的問題﹐請向你的家庭醫生查詢, 或電郵 doctor@am1470.com。 健康新聞網在每星期一至五早上 9:45 和晚上 18:45 播出。Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.comBlogger1311125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-38938334513306868222024-03-15T23:50:00.000-07:002024-03-15T23:50:24.104-07:00防疫注射 2024 Vaccination (繁體)<p> <span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/03/11</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">接種疫苗</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">接種疫苗是醫學發展</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">中</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一個重要里程碑,在接觸傳染病之前提升身體的免疫能力,避免受到傳染病的危害。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">疫苗刺激免疫系統產生保護性的抗體和免疫細胞;當身體受到微生物侵襲時就可以加速反應,壓抑微生物生長或將微生物清除。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">疫苗含有減活或傳染力減弱了的細菌和病毒,與及對抗</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> COVID </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> mRNA </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">疫苗,不會引發傳染病。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">大部份疫苗都是經過注射、口服、或噴鼻注入體內,很少會出現嚴重的過敏或不良反應。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">免疫系統在接種疫苗後除卻產生抗病的抗體,還有記憶功能。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在接種足夠的劑量和加強劑後</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">就</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">可以長時間提供保護。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">接種疫苗是要保護自己,和週邊沒有接種疫苗或免疫功能較弱的人,例如幼嬰或長者。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果有足夠的人接種疫苗,就可以做成群體免疫效應,防止爆發疫情。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">成功的疫苗接種計劃,甚至可能將病症</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">杜</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">絕,例如天花。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在沒有疫苗保護的社群之中,痲疹、腦膜炎、肺炎、破傷風、小兒痲痺症等傳染病,仍然經常導致嚴重的感染、殘疾和死亡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">推廣為兒童接種疫苗,每年挽救超過</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">4 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">百萬人的生命。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一些傳染病在發展重或貧困地區仍然繼續傳播,很容易會跨越國界,或在旅遊時受到感染,接種疫苗就可以保障平安。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">常規疫苗接種時間表</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在過去數十年曾經為多個幼嬰和兒童接種疫苗和目睹他們健康成長。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">須然仍然難以避免患上傷風、腸胃炎等症狀,但很少會出現嚴重的感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">本省在嬰兒出生後都會派發一份接種疫苗的時間表和提示,父母親可以帶同嬰兒</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">家庭醫生診所或社區中心接種。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果母親帶有乙型肝炎病毒,就要在嬰兒出生後立即開始注射防止乙肝病毒感染的抗體和疫苗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嬰兒和幼年兒童的常規疫苗接種時間表,是在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">4</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">6</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">12 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 18 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月大時定期接種,包括防止白喉、破傷風、百日咳、乙肝、小兒痲痺、乙型流感嗜血肝菌的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">合</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 1 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">疫苗、肺炎球菌結合</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 13 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">株疫苗、丙型腦膜炎球菌結合疫苗,和口服的預防輪狀病毒疫苗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 12 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月大時接種第一劑綜合痲疹</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> MMR</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">、預防水痘的疫苗和其他加強劑,入學前再重覆加強劑。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年級會提供人類乳頭瘤狀病毒疫苗,和為沒有接種足夠疫苗的兒童</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">補</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">加接種乙肝和水痘預防針。成年人每</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年接種一次預防破傷風和白喉的加強劑。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">懷孕婦女建議接種預防流感、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">COVID</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">、破傷風、白喉和百日咳的綜合疫苗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年長人士可以接種肺炎球菌多醣體疫苗、和自費接種預防帶狀皰疹的疫苗,和近年推出的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> RSV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">疫苗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在接種疫苗的時間,醫生可以提供資訊、複核</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歷</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和安排體檢。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">痲疹</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> Measles</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">痲疹在過去很常見,但自從開始常規接種疫苗和在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 1996 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">推廣為幼兒和在學兒童接種兩劑綜合痲疹、腮腺炎疫苗以後,已經很少出現。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">近年本地的少數個案,大部份都來自國外的感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">受到感染的人多數沒有接種足夠的疫苗,而</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一些仍然有痲疹肆虐的疫區探親旅遊。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在新冠病毒疫情期間,疫苗接種率下降,以致受到痲疹感染的數目在歐洲、南美洲和南非洲都有顯著的上升趨勢,甚至影響英美兩國。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">痲疹可以經過空氣傳播,傳染力強。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幼兒感染痲疹,症狀可能非常嚴重,甚至死亡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">症狀通常在接觸病毒之後至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 14 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">天開始。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">痲疹最常見的病徵</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">輕微發熱開始,伴隨有咳嗽、流鼻涕、眼睛結膜發炎</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">紅眼</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和咽喉疼痛。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">皮疹由髮際開始,出現密集輕微隆起的紅色斑點,迅速漫延到臉龐,繼續向下擴散</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">胸背、手臂、腿和足,而且發高燒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">口腔內可能出現白色的小泡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果沒有嚴重併發症狀,皮疹和發燒會在一週內逐漸消退,皮疹變得深色和脫皮。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">痲疹可能引發腹瀉、嘔吐以致脫水、肺部感染和腦部發炎,腦部可能會被永久損傷。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果沒有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">感</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">染過痲疹,和不肯定有否接種過疫苗,找醫生補加注射。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果要帶同幼兒出外旅遊,可以提早開始接種疫苗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">四</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">帶狀皰疹</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">感染過水痘之後,病毒就會留存在身體之內,在多年後隨著身體狀況改變,病毒可能會被激活,而引發帶狀皰疹。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在引進預防水痘感染的疫苗以前,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">95% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的成年人都曾經在年輕時感染過水痘。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">自從</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2000 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年引進水痘疫苗為幼兒接種以後,感染水痘的兒童已經不常見。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">沒有在兒時接種過疫苗的成年人,感染過水痘之後,若</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 1/3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在日後會出現帶狀皰疹的症狀,發病的機會和嚴重程度更隨著年歲增加。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">帶狀皰疹是一種非常疼痛的皮疹,通常出現在身體的一側,形成帶狀的紅疹,再演變成為水泡和結痂。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果出現在頭部,可能損害眼睛或漫延</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">耳朵內,影響聽覺、平衡和導致面龐</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">麻</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">痺。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">帶狀皰疹過後,感染的部位可能長時間感覺疼痛。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">即使服</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">用</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抗病毒的藥物,療效亦並不理想。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">2017 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年引進了</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Shingrix </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">預防帶狀皰疹的疫苗,建議</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 50 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲以上或免疫功能受損的人接種。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月內接種兩劑,可以減少</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 90% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">發病的機會,保護成效可以維持</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 7 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">隨卻曾經出現過度敏感反應、正在彌患帶狀皰疹和懷孕期間的婦女,其他人都可以接種。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">感染帶狀皰疹的人,皮疹完全消退後亦可以開始接種,以防復發。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">目前接種疫苗仍然需要自費。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">呼吸道合胞病毒</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">RSV</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在傷風感冒的高峰期,兒童經常會受到呼吸道合胞病毒感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">上學或到幼兒園,因為多人聚集和近距離接觸,傳播病毒的機會自然增加。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">呼吸道合胞病毒可以感染任何年歲的人,幼年兒童受到感染,開始流鼻水、打噴嚏和胃口不佳,隨著開始咳嗽和發燒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">呼吸時可能有喘鳴聲和變得緊促。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幼嬰可能變得精神呆滯、活動減少、間歇呼吸停頓。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">少數的兒童可能出現細支氣管炎和肺炎,需要入院治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">較高危的兒童包括出生時候不足月,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月以下的幼嬰,患有長期心肺疾病,肺部囊性纖維化,神經系統受損以致吞嚥和清除分泌物出現困難的兒童。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">成年人受到感染,通常會出現近</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">似</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">傷風感冒的症狀,數天內症狀自然消退。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 60 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲以上的長者,患有嚴重長期病症</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">居住在長期護理院舍的人,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> RSV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒可能引發嚴重感染和令到長期病症惡化,例如哮喘、呼吸道阻塞症狀,和心臟衰竭。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2023 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">推出</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">兩種新的預防</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> RSV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒感染的疫苗,一種為</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 60 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲以上的高危長者接種,另一種給與懷孕後期的婦女接種,可以減少嬰兒在出生後首</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月受到嚴重</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> RSV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒感染的機會。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幼嬰和幼兒,若果容易受到感染,患有嚴重長期心肺或其他疾病,亦可以在出生後定期注射單株體預防</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> RSV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒感染。</span><span style="font-family: Aptos; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-32850576432292754752024-03-15T23:47:00.000-07:002024-03-15T23:47:32.561-07:00防疫注射 2024 Vaccination (简体)<p> <span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/03/11</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(一) 接种疫苗</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">接种疫苗是医学发展</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">中</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">一个重要里程碑,在接触传染病之前提升身体的免疫能力,避免受到传染病的危害。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">疫苗刺激免疫系统产生保护性的抗体和免疫细胞;当身体受到微生物侵袭时就可以加速反应,压抑微生物生长或将微生物清除。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">疫苗含有减活或传染力减弱了的细菌和病毒,与及对抗</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">COVID 的 mRNA 疫苗,不会引发传染病。 大部分疫苗都是经过注射、口服、或喷鼻注入体内,很少会出现严重的过敏或不良反应。 免疫系统在接种疫苗后除却产生抗病的抗体,还有记忆功能。 在接种足够的剂量和加强剂后</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">就</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">可以长时间提供保护。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">接种疫苗是要保护自己,和周边没有接种疫苗或免疫功能较弱的人,例如幼婴或长者。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果有足够的人接种疫苗,就可以做成群体免疫效应,防止爆发疫情。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">成功的疫苗接种计划,甚至可能将病症</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">杜</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">绝,例如天花。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">在没有疫苗保护的社群之中,麻疹、脑膜炎、肺炎、破伤风、小儿麻痹症等传染病,仍然经常导致严重的感染、残疾和死亡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">推广为儿童接种疫苗,每年挽救超过</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">4 百万人的生命。 一些传染病在发展重或贫困地区仍然继续传播,很容易会跨越国界,或在旅游时受到感染,接种疫苗就可以保障平安。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(二) 常规疫苗接种时间表</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">在过去数十年曾经为多个幼婴和儿童接种疫苗和目睹他们健康成长。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">须然仍然难以避免患上伤风、肠胃炎等症状,但很少会出现严重的感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">本省在婴儿出生后都会派发一份接种疫苗的时间表和提示,父母亲可以带同婴儿</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">家庭医生诊所或社区中心接种。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果母亲带有乙型肝炎病毒,就要在婴儿出生后立即开始注射防止乙肝病毒感染的抗体和疫苗。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">婴儿和幼年儿童的常规疫苗接种时间表,是在</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">2、4、6、12 和 18 个月大时定期接种,包括防止白喉、破伤风、百日咳、乙肝、小儿麻痹、乙型流感嗜血肝菌的 6 合 1 疫苗、肺炎球菌结合 13 株疫苗、丙型脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗,和口服的预防轮状病毒疫苗。 12 个月大时接种第一剂综合麻疹 MMR、预防水痘的疫苗和其他加强剂,入学前再重覆加强剂。 在 6 年级会提供人类乳头瘤状病毒疫苗,和为没有接种足够疫苗的儿童</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">补</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">加接种乙肝和水痘预防针。成年人每</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">10 年接种一次预防破伤风和白喉的加强剂。 怀孕妇女建议接种预防流感、COVID、破伤风、白喉和百日咳的综合疫苗。 年长人士可以接种肺炎球菌多醣体疫苗、和自费接种预防带状疱疹的疫苗,和近年推出的 RSV 疫苗。 在接种疫苗的时间,医生可以提供资讯、复核</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">历</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和安排体检。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(三) 麻疹 Measles</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">麻疹在过去很常见,但自从开始常规接种疫苗和在</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">1996 推广为幼儿和在学儿童接种两剂综合麻疹、腮腺炎疫苗以后,已经很少出现。 近年本地的少数个案,大部分都来自国外的感染。 受到感染的人多数没有接种足够的疫苗,而到一些仍然有麻疹肆虐的疫区探亲旅游。 在新冠病毒疫情期间,疫苗接种率下降,以致受到麻疹感染的数目在欧洲、南美洲和南非洲都有显著的上升趋势,甚至影响英美两国。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">麻疹可以经过空气传播,传染力强。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">幼儿感染麻疹,症状可能非常严重,甚至死亡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">症状通常在接触病毒之后至</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">10 至 14 天开始。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">麻疹最常见的病征</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">轻微发热开始,伴随有咳嗽、流鼻涕、眼睛结膜发炎</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">(红眼) 和咽喉疼痛。 皮疹由发际开始,出现密集轻微隆起的红色斑点,迅速漫延到脸庞,继续向下扩散</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">胸背、手臂、腿和足,而且发高烧。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">口腔内可能出现白色的小泡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果没有严重并发症状,皮疹和发烧会在一周内逐渐消退,皮疹变得深色和脱皮。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">麻疹可能引发腹泻、呕吐以致脱水、肺部感染和脑部发炎,脑部可能会被永久损伤。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果没有</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">感</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">染过麻疹,和不肯定有否接种过疫苗,找医生补加注射。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果要带同幼儿出外旅游,可以提早开始接种疫苗。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(四) 带状疱疹</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">感染过水痘之后,病毒就会留存在身体之内,在多年后随着身体状况改变,病毒可能会被激活,而引发带状疱疹。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">在引进预防水痘感染的疫苗以前,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">95% 的成年人都曾经在年轻时感染过水痘。 自从 2000 年引进水痘疫苗为幼儿接种以后,感染水痘的儿童已经不常见。 没有在儿时接种过疫苗的成年人,感染过水痘之后,若 1/3 在日后会出现带状疱疹的症状,发病的机会和严重程度更随着年岁增加。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">带状疱疹是一种非常疼痛的皮疹,通常出现在身体的一侧,形成带状的红疹,再演变成为水泡和结痂。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果出现在头部,可能损害眼睛或漫延</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">耳朵内,影响听觉、平衡和导致面庞</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">麻</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">痹。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">带状疱疹过后,感染的部位可能长时间感觉疼痛。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">即使服</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">用</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抗病毒的药物,疗效亦并不理想。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">2017 年引进了 Shingrix 预防带状疱疹的疫苗,建议 50 岁以上或免疫功能受损的人接种。 在 2 至 6 个月内接种两剂,可以减少 90% 发病的机会,保护成效可以维持 7 至 10 年。 随却曾经出现过度敏感反应、正在弥患带状疱疹和怀孕期间的妇女,其他人都可以接种。 感染带状疱疹的人,皮疹完全消退后亦可以开始接种,以防复发。 目前接种疫苗仍然需要自费。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(五) 呼吸道合胞病毒</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">RSV</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">在伤风感冒的高峰期,儿童经常会受到呼吸道合胞病毒感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">上学或到幼儿园,因为多人聚集和近距离接触,传播病毒的机会自然增加。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">呼吸道合胞病毒可以感染任何年岁的人,幼年儿童受到感染,开始流鼻水、打喷嚏和胃口不佳,随着开始咳嗽和发烧。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">呼吸时可能有喘鸣声和变得紧促。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">幼婴可能变得精神呆滞、活动减少、间歇呼吸停顿。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">少数的儿童可能出现细支气管炎和肺炎,需要入院治疗。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">较高危的儿童包括出生时候不足月,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">6 个月以下的幼婴,患有长期心肺疾病,肺部囊性纤维化,神经系统受损以致吞咽和清除分泌物出现困难的儿童。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">成年人受到感染,通常会出现近</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">似</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">伤风感冒的症状,数天内症状自然消退。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">但</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">60 岁以上的长者,患有严重长期病症</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">居住在长期护理院舍的人,</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">RSV 病毒可能引发严重感染和令到长期病症恶化,例如哮喘、呼吸道阻塞症状,和心脏衰竭。 2023 年</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">推出</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">两种新的预防</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">RSV 病毒感染的疫苗,一种为 60 岁以上的高危长者接种,另一种给与怀孕后期的妇女接种,可以减少婴儿在出生后首 6 个月受到严重 RSV 病毒感染的机会。 幼婴和幼儿,若果容易受到感染,患有严重长期心肺或其他疾病,亦可以在出生后定期注射单株体预防 RSV 病毒感染。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-15828030071138502072024-03-08T19:05:00.000-08:002024-03-08T19:05:00.165-08:00預防心臟病 Heart Disease Prevention (繁體)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/03/04</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">防止</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">患上</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">心臟病</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">加拿大頭</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">大</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">死亡原因是癌病、心臟病、新冠狀病毒感染、和意外死亡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">許多死亡原因都可以及早預防和避免,尤其是汽車意外、摔倒、和濫藥中毒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 20 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲以上的加拿大人,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 1/12 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">診斷患有心臟病,而心臟病的成因,大部份是因為心臟血管內積聚斑塊,導致阻塞,引發心臟衰竭,心臟病猝發,甚至死亡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">男性心臟病猝發的機會比女性高出一倍,而且較早發病,大部份在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 55 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 64 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲期間。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">女性心臟病發通常在停經</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年之後。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幸而經過廣泛的宣傳和資訊,心臟病的發病率和死亡率在過去</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">都</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">有改善。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但在疫情期間,因為醫療系統受到衝擊和壓力,預防性的診斷和治療亦出現阻滯。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幸而經過大規模的疫苗注射,和多人已經受到感染,加拿大的疫情已經受到控制。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">減低心臟病發的風險,先要改變一些生活上的陋習,增加和保持活動和運動,改善飲食習慣,控制和維持理想的體重,戒除吸煙和酗酒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果能夠及早發現和控制高血壓、高血糖和高脂肪,亦可以減少對心臟的損害。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">預防心臟病要從少開始,為兒童提供健康的飲食和鼓勵他們每天做運動,注意身心的健康。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">飲食節制</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">預防疾病先要養成健康的飲食習慣。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">適量的清水是最佳的飲品。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">研究比較嗜好甜飲品的影響,每天</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">喝</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一至兩杯加糖飲品的人,和不喝甜飲品的人相比,患上二型糖尿病的機會增加</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 26%</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">中國人每天進食較</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">多</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的粥粉麵飯,都含有碳水化合物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一碗</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 90</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 100 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">克</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">米飯,碳水化合物含量約</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 25 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">克,經小腸吸收後分化成為葡萄糖。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">營養師建議女性一天最多攝取</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 50 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">克糖,男性</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 70 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">克。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果每餐吃一碗飯,再加上甜品和飲料,攝取的糖份就會變得過多。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">富營養的食品包括蔬菜、水果、全穀麥和蛋白質。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">多選擇植物蛋白質,例如豆類、堅果、種子、豆腐。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">低飽和脂肪的動物蛋白質,例如魚、貝殼類、雞蛋、低脂牛奶和酸奶。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">減少進食加工肉類,因為大部份含有較高的鹽份。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果血壓偏高,就要限制每天的食鹽量,不要超過</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 5 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">克。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">研究亦發現每天喝酒超過</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">杯的人,較多患上高血壓。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">不喝酒的人整體健康狀況都比較優勝。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">要減輕體重,必須結合節食和運動來去除積聚的脂肪。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果每週要減輕一磅就需要每天減少吸納</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 500 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">卡路里。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以標準體重的人計算,每天約需吸納</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2300 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">卡路里</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">來</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">保持體重平衡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果要減重,就要將熱能攝取量減少到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 1800 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">卡路里以下。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 811 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">熱線服務可以幫助轉介給營養師。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">體重過高</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">肥胖的定義是身體積聚過多脂肪,健康受到影響。體重指數是以身體的重量</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以公斤計算</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">除以身高</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以米計算</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的二次方</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果超過</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 25 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">就屬於超重,超過</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 30 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">就列為肥胖。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">肥胖不但影響體態和整體的活動能力,而且增加患上心臟血管疾病的機會,影響內分泌,消化系統的功能,和增加患上多種癌病的機會。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">情緒不穩定的人經常借暴飲暴食來發泄,導致體重激增,而過於肥胖亦可能引發心理障礙。</span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幫助病人解決超重的問題,先要瞭解病歷,確定導致體重增加的原因。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">檢查肥胖有沒有導致併發病症,病人減肥的決心和潛在的障礙。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">體重指數高過</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 30</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,或體重指數</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> > 27 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">而已經有併發病症,例如糖尿病、高血壓、睡眠窒息等症狀,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">都會建議節制飲食,增加運動,和提供心理輔導來減重。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">常用的減肥藥物包括利拉魯肽</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Lir</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">a</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">glutide </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">、納曲胴和安非他胴</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Natrexore + Bupropion </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的組合,與及奧利司他</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Orlistat</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">種藥物都有減低食慾和減少吸收能量的效能,但亦有許多副作用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">體重指數</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> > 40</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">或</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">超過</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 35 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">而患有與肥胖相關的病症,新的指引建議可以考慮做減肥手術,例如借助手術限制胃納的體積、或胃繞道手術,減少小腸的吸收。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">減肥手術加上飲食和藥物治療,可以達到較成功的長期減重目標。</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">(四) </span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">保護心臟</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">的</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">藥物</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">經過多年的研究和治療經驗,醫生已經掌控一些可以幫助病人預防和減低心臟病風險的藥物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">他汀類藥物</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Statins</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,可以根據病人的病況,降低壞的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 20% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 60%</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,控制在理想</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2.0 mmol/L </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的水平。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">高</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">風</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的病人,例如年歲</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 60 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以上的長者、高血壓、高血糖的患者,即使沒有心臟病的症狀,都建議服用</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Statins </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">減低血管發炎栓塞的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">程度</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果已經經歷過心臟病發、中風、做過通血管或搭橋手術,醫生都會建議長期服用他汀類藥物減少復發的機會。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">少數病人服用後可能出現肌肉痠痛和乏力的變化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">阿司匹林</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Aspirin </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">有抗凝血和阻止血小板凝聚成塊的作用,適用於心臟病突發,和心臟病發後的跟進治療,防止血管再次栓塞。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">劑量是每天</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 81 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">毫克,相等於嬰兒製劑的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">份</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">量。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">沒有心臟病症狀的人不宜服用作為預防,因為長期服用可能對胃腸做成損害。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Beta </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">阻滯劑例如</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Metoprolol </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">可以減少腎上腺素對心臟的刺激,有降血壓和緩和心跳的效用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Metoprolol</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Bisoprolol </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">經常用於治療心絞痛、心臟病突發、充血性心臟衰竭,和心律異常</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">紊亂或過速</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">)</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">劑量必需根據症狀和反應調整。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">服用期間必需定期量度血壓和心跳速度,與及肝腎排泄功能。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">心臟病突發</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">要預防心臟病,和減低心臟病的損害,就必須瞭解心臟病的成因,及早開始治療和改變生活模式,減少心臟血管閉塞和心肌肉受損的機會。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">認識心臟病發的症狀,可以立即求</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">助</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">心臟病發的徵兆,包括胸部不適,有壓迫感,胸口感覺沉重擠壓、脹悶、劇烈疼痛、灼熱和呼吸不暢順。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">不適和疼痛的感覺可能漫延到頸、下頜、左肩、後背、和上腹部。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病人突然渾身冒汗、感覺噁心、眩暈、氣速氣喘。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">危急的症狀是因為心臟肌肉嚴重受損,失去泵血功能或跳動紊亂。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病人可能突然昏倒和進入休克狀態。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果不能夠立即開始急救,就可能死亡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果家裡有人患有心臟病,其他親屬應</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">學習心肺復甦</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> CPR</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">的</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急救程序。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果病人出現心臟病發的徵兆,要立即致電</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 911 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">求助。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急救人員抵達後和在送院途中可以開始評估和治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">不要試圖自己運送病人到醫院,以免在途中情況惡化而無所適從。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在等待救護車期間,病人可以坐或躺下休息。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果備有舌下噴</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">或</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">服用的硝酸甘油,可以按照指示使用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚼碎和吞服兩粒</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 81 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">毫克的阿司匹林。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">準備一份經常服用的藥物紀錄以便醫護人員參考。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急救人員會將病人儘快運送到設有治療心臟病突發專科部門的醫院,安排疏通心臟血管的手術。</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-30004818042415137652024-03-08T19:00:00.000-08:002024-03-08T19:00:00.142-08:00预防心脏病 Heart Disease Prevention (简体)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/03/04</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(一) 防止</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">患上</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">心脏病</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">加拿大头</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">4 </span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">大</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">死亡原因是癌病、心脏病、新冠状病毒感染、和意外死亡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">许多死亡原因都可以及早预防和避免,尤其是汽车意外、摔倒、和滥药中毒。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">20 岁以上的加拿大人, 1/12 诊断患有心脏病,而心脏病的成因,大部分是因为心脏血管内积聚斑块,导致阻塞,引发心脏衰竭,心脏病猝发,甚至死亡。 男性心脏病猝发的机会比女性高出一倍,而且较早发病,大部分在 55 岁至 64 岁期间。 女性心脏病发通常在停经 10 年之后。 幸而经过广泛的宣传和资讯,心脏病的发病率和死亡率在过去 10 年</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">都</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">有改善。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">但在疫情期间,因为医疗系统受到冲击和压力,预防性的诊断和治疗亦出现阻滞。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">幸而经过大规模的疫苗注射,和多人已经受到感染,加拿大的疫情已经受到控制。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">减低心脏病发的风险,先要改变一些生活上的陋习,增加和保持活动和运动,改善饮食习惯,控制和维持理想的体重,戒除吸烟和酗酒。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果能够及早发现和控制高血压、高血糖和高脂肪,亦可以减少对心脏的损害。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">预防心脏病要从少开始,为儿童提供健康的饮食和鼓励他们每天做运动,注意身心的健康。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(二) 饮食节制</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">预防疾病先要养成健康的饮食习惯。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">适量的清水是最佳的饮品。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">研究比较嗜好甜饮品的影响,每天</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">喝</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">一至两杯加糖饮品的人,和不喝甜饮品的人相比,患上二型糖尿病的机会增加</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">26%。 中国人每天进食较</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">多</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">的粥粉面饭,都含有碳水化合物。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">一碗</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">90</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">至</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">100 克</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">米饭,碳水化合物含量约</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">25 克,经小肠吸收后分化成为葡萄糖。 营养师建议女性一天最多摄取 50 克糖,男性 70 克。 若果每餐吃一碗饭,再加上甜品和饮料,摄取的糖分就会变得过多。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">富营养的食品包括蔬菜、水果、全谷麦和蛋白质。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">多选择植物蛋白质,例如豆类、坚果、种子、豆腐。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">低饱和脂肪的动物蛋白质,例如鱼、贝壳类、鸡蛋、低脂牛奶和酸奶。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">减少进食加工肉类,因为大部分含有较高的盐分。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果血压偏高,就要限制每天的食盐量,不要超过</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">5 克。 研究亦发现每天喝酒超过 2 杯的人,较多患上高血压。 不喝酒的人整体健康状况都比较优胜。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">要减轻体重,必须结合节食和运动来去除积聚的脂肪。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果每周要减轻一磅就需要每天减少吸纳</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">500 卡路里。 以标准体重的人计算,每天约需吸纳 2300 卡路里</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">来</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">保持体重平衡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果要减重,就要将热能摄取量减少到</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">1800 卡路里以下。 811 热线服务可以帮助转介给营养师。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(三) 体重过高</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">肥胖的定义是身体积聚过多脂肪,健康受到影响。体重指数是以身体的重量</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">(以公斤计算) 除以身高 (以米计算) 的二次方</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果超过</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">25 就属于超重,超过 30 就列为肥胖。 肥胖不但影响体态和整体的活动能力,而且增加患上心脏血管疾病的机会,影响内分泌,消化系统的功能,和增加患上多种癌病的机会。 情绪不稳定的人经常借暴饮暴食来发泄,导致体重激增,而过于肥胖亦可能引发心理障碍。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">帮助病人解决超重的问题,先要了解病历,确定导致体重增加的原因。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">检查肥胖有没有导致并发病症,病人减肥的决心和潜在的障碍。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">体重指数高过</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">30,或体重指数 > 27 而已经有并发病症,例如糖尿病、高血压、睡眠窒息等症状, 都会建议节制饮食,增加运动,和提供心理辅导来减重。 常用的减肥药物包括利拉鲁肽 Lir</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">a</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">glutide 、纳曲胴和安非他胴</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Natrexore + Bupropion 的组合,与及奥利司他 Orlistat。 3 种药物都有减低食欲和减少吸收能量的效能,但亦有许多副作用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">体重指数</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">> 40,</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">或</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">超过</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">35 而患有与肥胖相关的病症,新的指引建议可以考虑做减肥手术,例如借助手术限制胃纳的体积、或胃绕道手术,减少小肠的吸收。 减肥手术加上饮食和药物治疗,可以达到较成功的长期减重目标。</span></span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold;">(四) </span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">保护心脏</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">药物</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">经过多年的研究和治疗经验,医生已经掌控一些可以帮助病人预防和减低心脏病风险的药物。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">他汀类药物</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">Statins,可以根据病人的病况,降低坏的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 20% 至 60%,控制在理想 2.0 mmol/L 的水平。 高风的病人,例如年岁 60 以上的长者、高血压、高血糖的患者,即使没有心脏病的症状,都建议服用 Statins 减低血管发炎栓塞的程度。 若果已经经历过心脏病发、中风、做过通血管或搭桥手术,医生都会建议长期服用他汀类药物减少复发的机会。 少数病人服用后可能出现肌肉酸痛和乏力的变化。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">阿司匹林</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">Aspirin 有抗凝血和阻止血小板凝聚成块的作用,适用于心脏病突发,和心脏病发后的跟进治疗,防止血管再次栓塞。 剂量是每天 81 毫克,相等于婴儿制剂的</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">份</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">量。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">没有心脏病症状的人不宜服用作为预防,因为长期服用可能对胃肠做成损害。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">Beta 阻滞剂例如 Metoprolol 可以减少肾上腺素对心脏的刺激,有降血压和缓和心跳的效用。 Metoprolol 和 Bisoprolol 经常用于治疗心绞痛、心脏病突发、充血性心脏衰竭,和心律异常 (紊乱或过速)。 剂量必需根据症状和反应调整。 服用期间必需定期量度血压和心跳速度,与及肝肾排泄功能。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(五) 心脏病突发</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">要预防心脏病,和减低心脏病的损害,就必须了解心脏病的成因,及早开始治疗和改变生活模式,减少心脏血管闭塞和心肌肉受损的机会。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">认识心脏病发的症状,可以立即求</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">助</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">心脏病发的征兆,包括胸部不适,有压迫感,胸口感觉沉重挤压、胀闷、剧烈疼痛、灼热和呼吸不畅顺。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">不适和疼痛的感觉可能漫延到颈、下颌、左肩、后背、和上腹部。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">病人突然浑身冒汗、感觉噁心、眩晕、气速气喘。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">危急的症状是因为心脏肌肉严重受损,失去泵血功能或跳动紊乱。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">病人可能突然昏倒和进入休克状态。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果不能够立即开始急救,就可能死亡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果家里有人患有心脏病,其他亲属应</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">学习心肺复苏</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">CPR</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">的</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急救程序。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果病人出现心脏病发的征兆,要立即致电</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">911 求助。 急救人员抵达后和在送院途中可以开始评估和治疗。 不要试图自己运送病人到医院,以免在途中情况恶化而无所适从。 在等待救护车期间,病人可以坐或躺下休息。 若果备有舌下喷</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">或</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">服用的硝酸甘油,可以按照指示使用。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">嚼碎和吞服两粒</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">81 毫克的阿司匹林。 准备一份经常服用的药物纪录以便医护人员参考。 急救人员会将病人尽快运送到设有治疗心脏病突发专科部门的医院,安排疏通心脏血管的手术。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-46121251894441448612024-03-06T00:01:00.000-08:002024-03-06T00:01:13.335-08:00初生嬰兒病症 New Born Health Concerns (繁體)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/0</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2/26</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">出生嬰兒的評估</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">當嬰兒出生脫離母體之後,醫生就會立即作出評估,察看嬰兒皮膚顏色,有沒有缺氧,量度心跳速度,對刺激例如輕微拍打的反應,肢體肌肉的活動能力,和呼吸功能。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果嬰兒有缺氧現</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">象</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,不能夠開始適當呼吸,心跳過緩,或缺乏反應和活動,就要立即開始急救程序,供應氧氣和輔助呼吸,按壓胸口刺激心臟跳動。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">當嬰兒情況穩定之後,醫生通常會鑒定嬰兒的遺傳性別,性器官是否有異常,和肛門的開合狀況,確定嬰兒有正常排泄的器官,和可以告訴母親是男或女嬰。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">觀察嬰兒頭部和頸部的形狀,頭骨、頸骨和鎖骨的形態。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">觀察五官,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眼</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">、耳、鼻、嘴唇、舌頭、顎骨和咽喉。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">檢查腹部、盆腔和四肢</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">與及髖較是否穩定。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">再</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">確定嬰兒的呼吸、心跳和脈博穩定和檢查心肺。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">早產的嬰兒,通常要請兒科醫生作進一步的評估,釐訂胎齡和安排適當的護理。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在檢查期間,必需保持溫暖的環境維持嬰兒的體溫。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">加拿大出生的嬰兒,在出生後都會立即在雙目搽上預防細菌感染的藥膏。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果母親是乙型肝炎帶菌者,就會為嬰兒注射預防乙型肝炎的抗體和疫苗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">根據父母的意願或需要,醫生會安排為有正常性器官的男嬰在滿月之前切割包皮。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">嬰兒生殖器官異變</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">少部份初生嬰兒的外生殖器官難以確定屬於男性或女性,可能並未完全發育,或具有兩性的特徵。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">人類共有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 23 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">對染色體,女性有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> XX </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一對染色體,男性</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> XY</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> X </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">或</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Y </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的染色體多出或缺少,就會嚴重影響性器官的發育。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">即使染色體排列正常,例如具有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> XX </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">染色體本應是女性,但若果母親在懷孕期間服用過近雄激素類的藥物,或嬰兒患有先天性腎上腺皮質增生症,都可以導致男性化</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">器官異變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">當嬰兒的性別難以確認時,醫生除卻查詢病症和懷孕時服用的藥物,並且要做詳細的檢查。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">驗血測試體內的激素分泌狀況和染色體,安排超聲波或核磁共振掃描來確定內在的器官,例如是否有卵巢和子宮,或潛藏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">睾丸。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">若果能夠找出導致病變的原因,可以幫助決定治療的方案。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">診斷和治療先天性的性器官異變通常需要團隊合作,包括兒科、遺傳學科、內分泌科、泌尿科和手術科醫生,與及為父母親提供資訊、輔導和精神上的支持。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">治療的計劃需要考慮是否能夠回復女性的生育能力,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">或</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">糾正男性的外觀和性功能。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">通常需要結合激素治療和重建手術。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">並且要為兒童提供適當的精神和心理支持,幫助適應轉變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">嬰兒黃疸症狀</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">初生嬰兒近</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 60% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">有黃疸症狀,在出生一至兩天後皮膚和眼睛變黃。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">黃疸是因為血液中膽紅素過高。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">膽紅素是來自紅血球分解產生的化學物質。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">初生嬰兒的肝臟功能</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">不足夠清除血液中的膽紅素,就會出現黃疸。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">大部份懷孕</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 35 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">週以後出生的嬰兒,即使出現黃疸,一至兩週後都會自動消退,並不需要治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但患有黃疸症狀的嬰兒必需定期跟進,因為高量膽紅素可能會導致腦部損傷。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">衡量膽紅素是否會做成損害要觀察膽紅素每天的升幅,嬰兒是否足月,餵飼母乳,出生的體重,和整體的狀況,來決定治療的方法。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果嬰兒的黃疸色素迅速加深,顯得煩燥不安、活動緩慢、吮吸乏力、尖聲哭泣、和經常拱起背部,就要儘快找醫生檢查。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果醫生發現初生嬰兒出現嚴重的黃疸,通常需要排除其他的引發因素,例如母親和嬰兒的血型有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">没有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抵觸、血液感染、餵飼不足夠、或肝臟分化功能不足。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果膽紅素沒有超越危險點,醫生會安排光療,幫助分解膽紅素。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚴重的黃疸症狀,需要安排換血程序,用捐贈的血液取代嬰兒的血液來降低膽紅素。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">其他引發的因素亦需要同時處理。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">四</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">隱睾症</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">隱睾症,即睾丸沒有下降</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">陰囊,是男童最常見的泌尿系統病變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">足月的嬰兒約</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 4% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">有隱睾症狀,不足月嬰兒比例更高至近</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 45%</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,大部份是單一邊,而右邊較多出現隱睾。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">睾丸的成長是要經遺傳基因主導和適當的雄激素分泌刺激。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">懷孕至第</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 7 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月,睾丸通常會開始經腹股溝管下降至陰囊。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果在懷孕過程中出現異常病況,就會受到影響。半數在出生時睾丸沒有下降的嬰兒,會在數個月內下降</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">陰囊,醫生需要定期跟進。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 12 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月睾丸仍然沒有下降,就要轉介給兒童泌尿專科醫生,安排適當的檢查和治療,以免睾丸長時間留在腹腔之內受到損害。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">隱睾症可以分為檢查時可以觸摸道睾丸,和完全隱藏。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">泌尿專科醫生若果能夠觸摸到存在的睾丸,就可以安排手術將睾丸移至陰囊內</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">固定。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果未能夠發現睾丸的所在,就要做全面的體檢,排除其他先天性病變,檢測體內激素的分泌,和考慮做腹腔窺鏡檢查。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果睾丸已經萎縮或變得異常,就要切除以免日後出現病變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">成功移至陰囊和固定的睾丸,仍然要定期覆診檢查,因為少數隱睾會復發,睾丸扭轉、萎縮和出現癌症病變,而且精子的產量可能會較低</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">先天性梅毒</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">因為性傳染病的彌患率持續增加,處於生育年齡的婦女亦受到影響,所以省政府建議懷孕的女性要做例行篩檢,包括懷孕初和分娩前</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">做</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">兩次梅毒測試。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">感染梅毒的婦女若果沒有接受適當的治療,梅毒病菌可能透過胎盤傳染給胎兒,導致先天性梅毒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">在過去</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">年,受到梅毒感染的嬰兒數目增加超過</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">倍。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">梅毒感染可以導致流產、胎死腹中、早產、低磅數、和出生之後很快夭折。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">感染梅毒的初生嬰兒可能沒有明顯的症狀,但若果不立即開始抗生素治療,可能在數週之後出現嚴重的感染症狀,而且影響發育。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">先天性梅毒的早</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">期</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">症狀包括生長發育遲滯、體重不足。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">手和腳掌出現水泡,演變成為凹凸不平的皮疹。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">皮膚皺褶、脫髮和出現色斑。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">鼻腔黏膜發炎堵塞,和產生大量黏液。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">鼻骨受到破壞和下塌。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">初生嬰兒的嚴重感染,可以損毀骨骼、肝脾腫脹導致貧血、發燒、黃疸、和引發腦膜炎。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">視覺和聽覺神經都可能受到破壞。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">死亡率偏高。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果母親在懷孕期間發現染上梅毒,就要測試是否還</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">患</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">有其他性傳染病,例如愛滋病和淋病。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">儘快開始治療和跟進。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嬰兒在出生後亦需要立即測試和開始注射抗生素。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">盤尼西林仍然是醫治梅毒最有效的藥物。</span><span style="font-family: Aptos; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-72911801835135287512024-03-05T23:57:00.000-08:002024-03-05T23:57:26.470-08:00初生婴儿病症 New Born Health Concerns (简体)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/02/26</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(一) 出生婴儿的评估</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">当婴儿出生脱离母体之后,医生就会立即作出评估,察看婴儿皮肤颜色,有没有缺氧,量度心跳速度,对刺激例如轻微拍打的反应,肢体肌肉的活动能力,和呼吸功能。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果婴儿有缺氧现</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">象</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">,不能够开始适当呼吸,心跳过缓,或缺乏反应和活动,就要立即开始急救程序,供应氧气和辅助呼吸,按压胸口刺激心脏跳动。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">当婴儿情况稳定之后,医生通常会鉴定婴儿的遗传性别,性器官是否有异常,和肛门的开合状况,确定婴儿有正常排泄的器官,和可以告诉母亲是男或女婴。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">观察婴儿头部和颈部的形状,头骨、颈骨和锁骨的形态。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">观察五官,</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眼</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">、耳、鼻、嘴唇、舌头、颚骨和咽喉。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">检查腹部、盆腔和四肢</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">与及髋较是否稳定。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">再</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">确定婴儿的呼吸、心跳和脉博稳定和检查心肺。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">早产的婴儿,通常要请儿科医生作进一步的评估,厘订胎龄和安排适当的护理。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">在检查期间,必需保持温暖的环境维持婴儿的体温。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">加拿大出生的婴儿,在出生后都会立即在双目搽上预防细菌感染的药膏。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果母亲是乙型肝炎带菌者,就会为婴儿注射预防乙型肝炎的抗体和疫苗。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">根据父母的意愿或需要,医生会安排为有正常性器官的男婴在满月之前切割包皮。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(二) 婴儿生殖器官异变</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">少部分初生婴儿的外生殖器官难以确定属于男性或女性,可能并未完全发育,或具有两性的特征。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">人类共有</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">23 对染色体,女性有 XX 一对染色体,男性 XY。 若果 X 或 Y 的染色体多出或缺少,就会严重影响性器官的发育。 即使染色体排列正常,例如具有 XX 染色体本应是女性,但若果母亲在怀孕期间服用过近雄激素类的药物,或婴儿患有先天性肾上腺皮质增生症,都可以导致男性化的器官异变。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">当婴儿的性别难以确认时,医生除却查询病症和怀孕时服用的药物,并且要做详细的检查。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">验血测试体内的激素分泌状况和染色体,安排超声波或核磁共振扫描来确定内在的器官,例如是否有卵巢和子宫,或潜藏</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">睾丸。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果能够找出导致病变的原因,可以帮助决定治疗的方案。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">诊断和治疗先天性的性器官异变通常需要团队合作,包括儿科、遗传学科、内分泌科、泌尿科和手术科医生,与及为父母亲提供资讯、辅导和精神上的支持。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">治疗的计划需要考虑是否能够回复女性的生育能力,</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">或</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">纠正男性的外观和性功能。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">通常需要结合激素治疗和重建手术。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">并且要为儿童提供适当的精神和心理支持,帮助适应转变。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(三) 婴儿黄疸症状</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">初生婴儿近</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">60% 有黄疸症状,在出生一至两天后皮肤和眼睛变黄。 黄疸是因为血液中胆红素过高。 胆红素是来自红血球分解产生的化学物质。 初生婴儿的肝脏功能</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">不足够清除血液中的胆红素,就会出现黄疸。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">大部分怀孕</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">35 周以后出生的婴儿,即使出现黄疸,一至两周后都会自动消退,并不需要治疗。 但患有黄疸症状的婴儿必需定期跟进,因为高量胆红素可能会导致脑部损伤。 衡量胆红素是否会做成损害要观察胆红素每天的升幅,婴儿是否足月,喂饲母乳,出生的体重,和整体的状况,来决定治疗的方法。 若果婴儿的黄疸色素迅速加深,显得烦燥不安、活动缓慢、吮吸乏力、尖声哭泣、和经常拱起背部,就要尽快找医生检查。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果医生发现初生婴儿出现严重的黄疸,通常需要排除其他的引发因素,例如母亲和婴儿的血型有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">没有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">抵触、血液感染、喂饲不足够、或肝脏分化功能不足。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果胆红素没有超越危险点,医生会安排光疗,帮助分解胆红素。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">严重的黄疸症状,需要安排换血程序,用捐赠的血液取代婴儿的血液来降低胆红素。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">其他引发的因素亦需要同时处理。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(四) 隐睾症</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">隐睾症,即睾丸没有下降</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">阴囊,是男童最常见的泌尿系统病变。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">足月的婴儿约</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">4% 有隐睾症状,不足月婴儿比例更高至近 45%,大部分是单一边,而右边较多出现隐睾。 睾丸的成长是要经遗传基因主导和适当的雄激素分泌刺激。 怀孕至第 7 个月,睾丸通常会开始经腹股沟管下降至阴囊。 若果在怀孕过程中出现异常病况,就会受到影响。半数在出生时睾丸没有下降的婴儿,会在数个月内下降</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">阴囊,医生需要定期跟进。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果到</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">6 至 12 个月睾丸仍然没有下降,就要转介给儿童泌尿专科医生,安排适当的检查和治疗,以免睾丸长时间留在腹腔之内受到损害。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">隐睾症可以分为检查时可以触摸道睾丸,和完全隐藏。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">泌尿专科医生若果能够触摸到存在的睾丸,就可以安排手术将睾丸移至阴囊内</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">固定。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果未能够发现睾丸的所在,就要做全面的体检,排除其他先天性病变,检测体内激素的分泌,和考虑做腹腔窥镜检查。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果睾丸已经萎缩或变得异常,就要切除以免日后出现病变。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">成功移至阴囊和固定的睾丸,仍然要定期覆诊检查,因为少数隐睾会复发,睾丸扭转、萎缩和出现癌症病变,而且精子的产量可能会较低。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(五) 先天性梅毒</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因为性传染病的弥患率持续增加,处于生育年龄的妇女亦受到影响,所以省政府建议怀孕的女性要做例行筛检,包括怀孕初和分娩前</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">做</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">两次梅毒测试。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">感染梅毒的妇女若果没有接受适当的治疗,梅毒病菌可能透过胎盘传染给胎儿,导致先天性梅毒。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">在过去</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">10 年,受到梅毒感染的婴儿数目增加超过 10 倍。 梅毒感染可以导致流产、胎死腹中、早产、低磅数、和出生之后很快夭折。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">感染梅毒的初生婴儿可能没有明显的症状,但若果不立即开始抗生素治疗,可能在数周之后出现严重的感染症状,而且影响发育。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">先天性梅毒的早</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">期</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">症状包括生长发育迟滞、体重不足。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">手和脚掌出现水泡,演变成为凹凸不平的皮疹。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">皮肤皱褶、脱发和出现色斑。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">鼻腔黏膜发炎堵塞,和产生大量黏液。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">鼻骨受到破坏和下塌。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">初生婴儿的严重感染,可以损毁骨骼、肝脾肿胀导致贫血、发烧、黄疸、和引发脑膜炎。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">视觉和听觉神经都可能受到破坏。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">死亡率偏高。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果母亲在怀孕期间发现染上梅毒,就要测试是否还</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">患</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">有其他性传染病,例如爱滋病和淋病。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">尽快开始治疗和跟进。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">婴儿在出生后亦需要立即测试和开始注射抗生素。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">盘尼西林仍然是医治梅毒最有效的药物。</span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-13715559514874027182024-02-28T04:42:00.000-08:002024-02-28T04:42:24.996-08:00婦科病症 Gynecological Issues (繁體)<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">2024/02/19</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">子宮頸癌篩檢</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">子宮頸癌是處於生育年龄女性中最常見的第</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">號癌症,僅次於乳房、大腸和肺癌。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">自從開始例行篩檢和在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2006 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年引進預防</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> HPV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒感染的疫苗,子宮頸癌的彌患率已經有所改善,但近年發現再沒有下降的趨勢。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">每年仍然有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 1422 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">多宗新症,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">600 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">多人因為患上子宮頸癌而死亡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 70% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的子宮頸癌是因為受到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> HPV16 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> HPV18 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">兩種病毒感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">大部份性方面較活躍的女性都可能接觸和感染</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">過</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> HPV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">20 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲以下的年輕女性,通常可以憑藉免疫能力,在一至兩年內將病毒去除。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但隨著年歲增長,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">30 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲以後因感染而導致子宮頸出現癌症病變的機會就會持續上升。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">我們建議女性從</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 21 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲開始子宮頸癌篩檢,先從檢查是否有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> HPV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒開始,若果發現有病毒存在,就要從子宮頸取得細胞組織樣本化驗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> HPV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒篩檢可以自己做檢查,上網索取檢查的套件,網頁是 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/screening/cervix/get-screened?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA0PuuBhBsEiwAS7fsNSYg6o13MAuDwIF3av762Knoht10p8TVSMYP486X7EdnTEJHbrfCpxoCfF4QAvD_BwE" target="_blank">BC Cancer Cervix Screening</a>, </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">有詳細的指引,和郵寄用的封套;亦可以請家庭醫生</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt;">幫</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">助做篩檢和跟進。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">自我篩檢不適用於</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">年內已經做過子宮頸抹片檢查,或需要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> 12 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">個月內跟進檢查的較高風險女性。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">懷孕期間,曾經切除子宮,或配戴子宮承托器的女性亦不適宜做自我篩檢。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">若果經期之間有異常出血,分泌物增加,盆腔疼痛不適,</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt;">應</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">要請醫生做詳細的婦科檢查。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) HPV </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒感染和預防</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">HPV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">人類乳頭瘤狀病毒感染是引發子宮頸癌的主要原因,是一種經性接觸傳播的感染,並且可以導致生殖器官和肛門的濕疣,和多種惡性腫瘤,包括子宮頸、外陰部、陰道、口腔、咽喉、阾莖和肛門的癌病。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">免疫功能衰退的愛滋病患者、癌病出現的機會更高。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">戴避孕套可以減少傳播病毒,但只局限於覆蓋的部位。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> HPV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒的篩檢主要是希望減少女性患上子宮頸癌的機會。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">肛門癌的篩檢包括直腸手指觸檢,若果有異常轉變,或患有愛滋病的男同性戀者,就要安排肛門直腸窺鏡和取得細胞做活檢。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">HPV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒並沒有藥物可以清除,主要是倚靠身體健全的免疫系統對抗病毒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">注射疫苗可以提供有效的預防,大幅減少患上肛門和生殖器官濕疣,和子宮頸出現癌症病變的風險。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">現存的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> HVP9 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">綜合疫苗,可以對抗</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 9 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">種最常見的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> HPV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">例行的接種計劃是為</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年級的學生在相隔</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月期間接種兩劑疫苗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">較遲入學的學生,可以在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 15 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲或以後</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月內接種</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">劑疫苗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 9 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 26 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲的跨性別人士,男同性戀者,患有愛滋病,或在街頭流連露宿的年青人,亦可以免費接受注射。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">其他感覺有需要接種疫苗加強保護的民眾,可以自費到藥房或家庭醫生診所接受注射。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">女性下腹劇痛</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">最常見的婦科急症是下腹劇痛和嚴重陰道出血。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">導致女性下腹劇痛有多種病因,例如急性盆腔炎、宮外孕破裂出血、卵巢附件扭轉、卵巢囊腫破裂出血、和女性器官以外的病變,例如急性闌尾炎、腎結石、膀胱和腎臟炎症。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">醫生先要稳定病人的整體狀況,若果血壓偏低,就要開始輸液和抽取血液樣本檢驗和準備輸血、與及驗孕。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">情況較穩定的病人,可以做盆腔和陰道子宮頸檢查,和超聲波盆腔</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">掃</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">描。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">盆腔炎是女性的生殖器官被微生物從陰道和子宮頸上行導致的感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">子宮頸、子宮、輸卵管都可以同時感染,然後擴散到卵巢和腹膜。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">感染導致膿狀分泌物,膿液可以積聚在輸卵管和卵巢。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">最常見的病菌是經性傳播的淋病球菌和衣原體,但亦可以來自陰道的細菌增生。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">盆腔炎最常見的症狀是下腹疼痛、子宮和兩側脹痛。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">醫生檢查盆腔時撥動子宮頸亦會引發痛楚。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">加上發燒、陰道分泌增加或有膿液。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">驗血測試會顯示發炎反應。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">超聲波檢查可能發現輸卵管和卵巢膿腫。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">醫生通常在取得陰道分泌物樣本養菌檢驗後開始抗生素療程。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚴重的感染可能需要住院注射高劑量抗生素,較輕微的症狀可以結合注射和口服療程,和安排跟進。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">四</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">子宮內膜異位</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">子宮內膜異位症是因為類似子宮內膜的組織在子宮以外不適當地生長,例如出現在卵巢、輸卵管和盆腔內的器官。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">每次經期來臨,異位的內膜細胞組織就會增厚、脫落和出血。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因為生長在子宮之外,脫落的細胞組織和出血並不能夠排出體外,而積聚在盆腔之內。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果侵襲卵巢,可能形成卵巢囊腫。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">盆腔內的週邊組織受到刺激,可能引發發炎反應,形成疤痕組織,或導致盆腔內的器官黏連穿破。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">子宮內膜異位的常見症狀包括經期時盆腔疼痛和小腹痙攣,直至經期完結。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">性交時感覺不適,分泌減少而出現困難。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">排便和排尿亦可能受到影響。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">月經量增加或經期以外出血。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">部份不孕的女性可能是因為子宮內膜異位影響排卵和阻塞輸卵管。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">其他症狀包括感覺疲勞、腹瀉或便秘、腹部脹悶。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">診斷先從體檢和盆腔檢查開始,加上經陰道的超聲波檢查。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> MRI </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">磁共振成像可以更加準確顯示內膜細胞組織生長的位置和漫延的程度,幫助規劃治療和手術。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">子宮內膜異位的治療包括抒解症狀的不適,使用激素壓抑子宮內膜細胞增長。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹腔鏡檢查和微創手術可以同時進行。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抽取細胞做活檢核修補卵巢和輸卵管,增加成孕的機會。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">停經後出血</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">停經是女性年歲增長的自然變化,通常發生在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 45 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 55 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲之間,但亦可以因為手術切除子宮或卵巢而提早出現。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">連續</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 12 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月沒有月經就可以確定為停經。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">停經後陰道見血並不正常,不論是輕微或大量出血,或小量的粉紅色或棕色分泌物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幸而大部份都是因為良性的局部病變,例如陰道黏膜變薄、乾和脆弱,很容易破損。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">子宮內有肌瘤或息肉,或內膜感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">女性採用補充激素治療,開始和停止服用時都可能有出血症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">停經後出血不能夠忽視,因為</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 10% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是因為子宮內膜過度增生或出現癌症病變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">子宮頸和陰道癌亦可以導致陰道見血。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">肥胖、吸煙、患有糖尿病、甲狀腺分泌失調、和卵巢多囊腫的女性較多會出現症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">醫生除卻詢問病歷和服用的藥物,會進一步安排體檢,包括檢查陰道和子宮頸,並且從子宮頸取得細胞組織送往化驗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">經陰道做超聲波檢查,可以觀察子宮和卵巢的變化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">大部份婦科醫生都可以從子宮內收集內膜細胞組織做活檢,並且可以安排去除色息肉和肌瘤。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果發現有子宮癌,就要安排進一步的檢查,找出癌細胞的侵蝕和擴散程度,為病人提供適當的治療。</span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-56160237684742852002024-02-28T04:37:00.000-08:002024-02-28T04:37:39.681-08:00妇科病症 Gynecological Issues (简体)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/02/19</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(一) 子宫颈癌筛检</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">子宫颈癌是处于生育年龄女性中最常见的第</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">4 号癌症,仅次于乳房、大肠和肺癌。 自从开始例行筛检和在 2006 年引进预防 HPV 病毒感染的疫苗,子宫颈癌的弥患率已经有所改善,但近年发现再没有下降的趋势。 每年仍然有 1422 多宗新症,600 多人因为患上子宫颈癌而死亡。 70% 的子宫颈癌是因为受到 HPV16 和 HPV18 两种病毒感染。 大部分性方面较活跃的女性都可能接触和感染过 HPV 病毒,20 岁以下的年轻女性,通常可以凭借免疫能力,在一至两年内将病毒去除。 但随着年岁增长,30 岁以后因感染而导致子宫颈出现癌症病变的机会就会持续上升。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">我们建议女性从</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">21 岁开始子宫颈癌筛检,先从检查是否有 HPV 病毒开始,若果发现有病毒存在,就要从子宫颈取得细胞组织样本化验。 HPV 病毒筛检可以自己做检查,上网索取检查的套件,网页是 </span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/screening/cervix/get-screened?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA0PuuBhBsEiwAS7fsNSYg6o13MAuDwIF3av762Knoht10p8TVSMYP486X7EdnTEJHbrfCpxoCfF4QAvD_BwE" target="_blank">BC Cancer Cervix Screening</a>, 有详细的指引,和邮寄用的封套;亦可以请家庭医生</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">帮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">助做筛检和跟进。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">自我筛检不适用于</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">3 年内已经做过子宫颈抹片检查,或需要 6 至 12 个月内跟进检查的较高风险女性。 怀孕期间,曾经切除子宫,或配戴子宫承托器的女性亦不适宜做自我筛检。 若果经期之间有异常出血,分泌物增加,盆腔疼痛不适,</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">应</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">要请医生做详细的妇科检查。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(二) HPV 病毒感染和预防</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">HPV 人类乳头瘤状病毒感染是引发子宫颈癌的主要原因,是一种经性接触传播的感染,并且可以导致生殖器官和肛门的湿疣,和多种恶性肿瘤,包括子宫颈、外阴部、阴道、口腔、咽喉、阾茎和肛门的癌病。 免疫功能衰退的爱滋病患者、癌病出现的机会更高。 戴避孕套可以减少传播病毒,但只局限于覆盖的部位。 HPV 病毒的筛检主要是希望减少女性患上子宫颈癌的机会。 肛门癌的筛检包括直肠手指触检,若果有异常转变,或患有爱滋病的男同性恋者,就要安排肛门直肠窥镜和取得细胞做活检。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">HPV 病毒并没有药物可以清除,主要是倚靠身体健全的免疫系统对抗病毒。 注射疫苗可以提供有效的预防,大幅减少患上肛门和生殖器官湿疣,和子宫颈出现癌症病变的风险。 现存的 HVP9 综合疫苗,可以对抗 9 种最常见的 HPV 病毒。 例行的接种计划是为 6 年级的学生在相隔 6 个月期间接种两剂疫苗。 较迟入学的学生,可以在 15 岁或以后 6 个月内接种 3 剂疫苗。 9 至 26 岁的跨性别人士,男同性恋者,患有爱滋病,或在街头流连露宿的年青人,亦可以免费接受注射。 其他感觉有需要接种疫苗加强保护的民众,可以自费到药房或家庭医生诊所接受注射。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(三) 女性下腹剧痛</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">最常见的妇科急症是下腹剧痛和严重阴道出血。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">导致女性下腹剧痛有多种病因,例如急性盆腔炎、宫外孕破裂出血、卵巢附件扭转、卵巢囊肿破裂出血、和女性器官以外的病变,例如急性阑尾炎、肾结石、膀胱和肾脏炎症。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">医生先要稳定病人的整体状况,若果血压偏低,就要开始输液和抽取血液样本检验和准备输血、与及验孕。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">情况较稳定的病人,可以做盆腔和阴道子宫颈检查,和超声波盆腔</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">扫</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">描。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">盆腔炎是女性的生殖器官被微生物从阴道和子宫颈上行导致的感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">子宫颈、子宫、输卵管都可以同时感染,然后扩散到卵巢和腹膜。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">感染导致脓状分泌物,脓液可以积聚在输卵管和卵巢。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">最常见的病菌是经性传播的淋病球菌和衣原体,但亦可以来自阴道的细菌增生。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">盆腔炎最常见的症状是下腹疼痛、子宫和两侧胀痛。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">医生检查盆腔时拨动子宫颈亦会引发痛楚。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">加上发烧、阴道分泌增加或有脓液。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">验血测试会显示发炎反应。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">超声波检查可能发现输卵管和卵巢脓肿。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">医生通常在取得阴道分泌物样本养菌检验后开始抗生素疗程。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">严重的感染可能需要住院注射高剂量抗生素,较轻微的症状可以结合注射和口服疗程,和安排跟进。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(四) 子宫内膜异位</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">子宫内膜异位症是因为类似子宫内膜的组织在子宫以外不适当地生长,例如出现在卵巢、输卵管和盆腔内的器官。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">每次经期来临,异位的内膜细胞组织就会增厚、脱落和出血。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">因为生长在子宫之外,脱落的细胞组织和出血并不能够排出体外,而积聚在盆腔之内。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果侵袭卵巢,可能形成卵巢囊肿。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">盆腔内的周边组织受到刺激,可能引发发炎反应,形成疤痕组织,或导致盆腔内的器官黏连穿破。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">子宫内膜异位的常见症状包括经期时盆腔疼痛和小腹痉挛,直至经期完结。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">性交时感觉不适,分泌减少而出现困难。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">排便和排尿亦可能受到影响。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">月经量增加或经期以外出血。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">部分不孕的女性可能是因为子宫内膜异位影响排卵和阻塞输卵管。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">其他症状包括感觉疲劳、腹泻或便秘、腹部胀闷。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">诊断先从体检和盆腔检查开始,加上经阴道的超声波检查。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">MRI 磁共振成像可以更加准确显示内膜细胞组织生长的位置和漫延的程度,帮助规划治疗和手术。 子宫内膜异位的治疗包括抒解症状的不适,使用激素压抑子宫内膜细胞增长。 腹腔镜检查和微创手术可以同时进行。 抽取细胞做活检核修补卵巢和输卵管,增加成孕的机会。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(五) 停经后出血</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">停经是女性年岁增长的自然变化,通常发生在</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">45 至 55 岁之间,但亦可以因为手术切除子宫或卵巢而提早出现。 连续 12 个月没有月经就可以确定为停经。 停经后阴道见血并不正常,不论是轻微或大量出血,或小量的粉红色或棕色分泌物。 幸而大部分都是因为良性的局部病变,例如阴道黏膜变薄、乾和脆弱,很容易破损。 子宫内有肌瘤或息肉,或内膜感染。 女性采用补充激素治疗,开始和停止服用时都可能有出血症状。 停经后出血不能够忽视,因为 10% 是因为子宫内膜过度增生或出现癌症病变。 子宫颈和阴道癌亦可以导致阴道见血。 肥胖、吸烟、患有糖尿病、甲状腺分泌失调、和卵巢多囊肿的女性较多会出现症状。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">医生除却询问病历和服用的药物,会进一步安排体检,包括检查阴道和子宫颈,并且从子宫颈取得细胞组织送往化验。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">经阴道做超声波检查,可以观察子宫和卵巢的变化。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">大部分妇科医生都可以从子宫内收集内膜细胞组织做活检,并且可以安排去除色息肉和肌瘤。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果发现有子宫癌,就要安排进一步的检查,找出癌细胞的侵蚀和扩散程度,为病人提供适当的治疗。</span></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-80928108604867425702024-02-16T19:05:00.000-08:002024-02-16T19:05:00.130-08:00不健康食品 Unhealthy Food (繁體)<p> <b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">2024/02/12</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(一) 不健康食材</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">不健康食品是泛指一些只提供熱能,甚至超過人體所需要的熱能量,但沒有其他營養成份的食物。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">這一類食物許多含有高糖份、高鹽和高脂肪,可能相當可口,但經常進食可能會影響健康。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">許多不健康食品都經常被推廣,而且置放在顯眼的位置增加吸引。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">一些快餐店供應的食品亦列入為不健康系列。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">同樣</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因為高脂肪、高鹽和高糖</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">份,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">大部份都是高度加上的食品,缺乏適當纖維、健康的蛋白質、維生素和礦物質。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">一些研究認為進食過多不健康食品,可能會導致腸胃不適、增加患上心臟血管疾病、二型糖尿病、中風、癌病和整體的身心健康。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果經常</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">進食快餐或以零食裹腹,而不能夠定時進食稍作休息,或與家人共晉晚餐,情緒和人際關係都可能受到影響。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">經常喝酒、甜飲品和進食零食,亦會導致肥胖,和其他健康問題。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">維持健康,必須改善飲食習慣,經常運動,睡眠充足,減輕工作和心理壓力。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">避免</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">人多擠迫的快餐店,預防</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">受到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">典型的不健康食品包括汽水、甜飲品、糖果、煎炸食品、薯片、即食麵、燒烤、煙燻和醃製食物。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">鮑參魚翅肚是名貴</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">食材,但因為過度烹煮,大部份營養都會流失。</span></span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(二) 超加工食品</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">超加工食品是泛指特別加工製作的食品,為了能夠經久存放,和增加味蕾的刺激,通常會有較多的鹽、糖、油、氫化脂肪、變種澱粉、防腐劑、乳化劑、人工色素和香料。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">除卻能量,營養價值不高。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">但估計北美洲大部份人,吸收的能量半數來自超加工食品。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">超加</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">工</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">的食品許多都被大肆推廣,容易購買,包裝顯眼和進食方便,而且價錢不高。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">超加工食品包括大部份的零食、甜飲品、即食麵、餅乾、香腸、煙肉</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">燒味和滷味都屬於高度加工處理過</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">肉類。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">燒味在燒烤時必需達到攝氏</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">200 度</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">高溫,和徹底燒熟,但白切雞烹煮的溫度可能不足夠。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">滷味是用特定的醬汁炆和浸醃一段時間,亦必需煮得熟透。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">燒烤和烹煮可以消滅大部份的細菌,但微生物仍然有機會在儲藏和售賣前侵入和繁殖。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">燒味若果能夠保持在攝氏</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">60 度以上,可以減少微生物滋生,但若果不能夠儘快出售,肉質和皮就會變乾變硬。 滷味就要倚靠酸鹼度、鹽份含量、環境衛生程度來減少污染</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">程度</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">沙門氏菌</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">金黃葡萄菌是最常見的污染細菌。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">購買燒味和滷味</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">選擇衛生清潔的店舖,留意存放的櫃和容器是否清潔,和從業員工處理食物時是否跟隨安全守則。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">採購後要儘快進食,或再加熱烹煮才進食。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt;">(三) </span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">過年食物</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">農曆新年是中國人最具節日氣氛的慶典,年夜飯、拜年、春節聚餐,往往因為飲食過度,喝酒過量而影響身體。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">患有長期病症的人士更容易受到影響。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">飲食太過豐富,過於油膩和鹽份過多,加上年糕和賀年糖果的糖份,可能會導致血脂、血壓提升和糖尿病惡化。有人稱這類病症</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">為</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">富貴病。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">賀年的食材通常會選擇較昂貴的品種,例如鮑參翅肚和燕窩。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">近年魚翅在許多西方國家</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">都</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">被禁止售賣和佐膳,因為環保人士不滿每年近百萬</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">條</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">鯊魚被殘殺,兼且擾亂海洋的生態平衡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">鯊魚的鰭有形似粉絲狀的翅筋,其中</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">80% 屬蛋白質,還含有脂肪、糖份和礦物質,但因為環境污染,體積大的魚往往吸納了有害的重金屬。 魚翅有魚腥味,必需懂得發翅程序和適當烹調才能夠變</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">成訪</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">朗場</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">?過度烹調會導致蛋白質凝固和營養份流失,真正</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">營養價值可能比不上雞蛋。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">燕窩一向</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">被</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">視作女性養顏防止衰老補品</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">,含有約</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">60% </span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">水溶性醣蛋白、唾液酸和礦物質,但亦可能受到環境污染,而且市面</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">上</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">充斥了許多經過漂染</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">過的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">彷製品</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">燕窩內的蛋白質可能會導致嚴重的過敏反應,所以患有多種食物敏感的人士不宜食用。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">燕窩對孕婦和嬰兒的影響尚未有明確的研究結果,所以孕婦和嬰兒不適宜食用。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(四) 鹽份過多</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">身體必須有足夠養份才能夠維持正常的運作。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">食物除卻提供能量,填補饑餓,還可以帶來滿足和愉悅的感覺。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">為了刺激味蕾,外間準備的食物經常會加重調味,或採用煎炸的方法增加香味。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">含有較多脂肪的肉類通常味道較濃和比較柔軟和容易咀嚼,所以和牛和雪花牛肉較為鬆軟和售價昂貴。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">中國人在農曆新年期間,都較多食用鮑滲翅肚、臘味、燒味、年糕等賀年食材為了達到色香味的需求,往往在烹調期間加進較多的鹽、油、糖和其他配料。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">世界衛生組織建議每天不要吸納超過</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">5 克的食鹽,約一茶匙份量。 亞洲人用的豉油和漿料含鹽量都比較高</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">香港衛生署報導香港人平均每人每天會吸納相約</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">8.5 剋食鹽。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">吸納過多鹽份會導致留鹽積水,血量增加,以致血壓上升、心臟病和中風的機會會亦隨著增加,而且加重腎臟的負荷。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">要減少吸納鹽份,選擇新鮮未經加上的食物和低鹽的製成品</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">烹煮食物時用其他香料代替鹽</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">和減少食用豉油和其他高鹽份的漿料。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">避免在重口味的餐館進食。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果因為吸納鹽份過多而血壓標升,除卻減少吸</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">收</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">納,服用利尿藥可以幫助排出鹽份,但要定期檢查確定鈉和鉀質不會流失過多。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">五</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">) 食糖過多</span></span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">美國心臟協會建議,平均體重的男性,每天不要飲和食用超過</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">37.5 克的糖,約 9 茶匙,女性就以 25 克或 5 茶匙為限。 北美洲的統計,大部份成年人每天吸納的糖份都超越建議份量的 2 至 3 倍, 每年消耗近 60 磅糖。 近半數的糖來自甜的飲品,例如汽水、果汁、和年輕人喜愛的珍珠奶茶和能量飲品、加糖的咖啡或茶、和年長人士喜愛的甜湯湯。在外間進餐,經常會加上餐`酒、甜的飲品和餐後的甜品。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">經常飲用或食糖,較多會出現蛀牙。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">我們不建議給與幼年兒童甜的食品,但半數</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">5 歲的兒童都已經患有蛀牙。 糖是非常容易吸收的能量,食用過量會導致體重增加,漸趨肥胖。 肥胖的兒童長大後大部份會繼續變得更加肥胖,影響活動能力和整體的健康。 必須從少開始減少食糖和注意口腔牙齒的衛生,與饑</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">及鼓</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">勵兒童多做運動,將糖轉化成為能量。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">許多快餐店和售賣的零食,都要在食物標籤上註明含有的糖、鹽和脂肪成份。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">兒童和成年人都要學懂閱讀標籤和作出適當的選擇。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">學校和社區中心應要減少設置售賣零食和甜飲品德自動機器,提供可以飲用的水和健康小食。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">`</span><span style="font-family: Aptos; font-size: 12.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-80533214071718791322024-02-16T19:00:00.000-08:002024-02-16T19:00:00.146-08:00 不健康食品 Unhealthy Food (简体)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/02/12</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(一) 不健康食材</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">不健康食品是泛指一些只提供热能,甚至超过人体所需要的热能量,但没有其他营养成分的食物。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">这一类食物许多含有高糖分、高盐和高脂肪,可能相当可口,但经常进食可能会影响健康。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">许多不健康食品都经常被推广,而且置放在显眼的位置增加吸引。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">一些快餐店供应的食品亦列入为不健康系列。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">同样</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因为高脂肪、高盐和高糖</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">分,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">大部分都是高度加上的食品,缺乏适当纤维、健康的蛋白质、维生素和矿物质。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">一些研究认为进食过多不健康食品,可能会导致肠胃不适、增加患上心脏血管疾病、二型糖尿病、中风、癌病和整体的身心健康。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果经常</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">进食快餐或以零食裹腹,而不能够定时进食稍作休息,或与家人共晋晚餐,情绪和人际关系都可能受到影响。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">经常喝酒、甜饮品和进食零食,亦会导致肥胖,和其他健康问题。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">维持健康,必须改善饮食习惯,经常运动,睡眠充足,减轻工作和心理压力。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">避免</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">人多挤迫的快餐店,预防</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">受到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">典型的不健康食品包括汽水、甜饮品、糖果、煎炸食品、薯片、即食面、烧烤、烟熏和腌制食物。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">鲍参鱼翅肚是名贵</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">食材,但因为过度烹煮,大部分营养都会流失。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(二) 超加工食品</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">超加工食品是泛指特别加工制作的食品,为了能够经久存放,和增加味蕾的刺激,通常会有较多的盐、糖、油、氢化脂肪、变种淀粉、防腐剂、乳化剂、人工色素和香料。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">除却能量,营养价值不高。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">但估计北美洲大部分人,吸收的能量半数来自超加工食品。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">超加</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">工</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">的食品许多都被大肆推广,容易购买,包装显眼和进食方便,而且价钱不高。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">超加工食品包括大部分的零食、甜饮品、即食面、饼干、香肠、烟肉</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">烧味和卤味都属于高度加工处理过</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">肉类。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">烧味在烧烤时必需达到摄氏</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">200 度</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">高温,和彻底烧熟,但白切鸡烹煮的温度可能不足够。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">卤味是用特定的酱汁炆和浸腌一段时间,亦必需煮得熟透。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">烧烤和烹煮可以消灭大部分的细菌,但微生物仍然有机会在储藏和售卖前侵入和繁殖。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">烧味若果能够保持在摄氏</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">60 度以上,可以减少微生物滋生,但若果不能够尽快出售,肉质和皮就会变干变硬。 卤味就要倚靠酸硷度、盐分含量、环境卫生程度来减少污染</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">程度</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">沙门氏菌</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">金黄葡萄菌是最常见的污染细菌。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">购买烧味和卤味</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">选择卫生清洁的店铺,留意存放的柜和容器是否清洁,和从业员工处理食物时是否跟随安全守则。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">采购后要尽快进食,或再加热烹煮才进食。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; font-weight: bold;">(三) </span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">过年食物</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">农历新年是中国人最具节日气氛的庆典,年夜饭、拜年、春节聚餐,往往因为饮食过度,喝酒过量而影响身体。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">患有长期病症的人士更容易受到影响。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">饮食太过丰富,过于油腻和盐分过多,加上年糕和贺年糖果的糖分,可能会导致血脂、血压提升和糖尿病恶化。有人称这类病症</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">富贵病。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">贺年的食材通常会选择较昂贵的品种,例如鲍参翅肚和燕窝。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">近年鱼翅在许多西方国家</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">都</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">被禁止售卖和佐膳,因为环保人士不满每年近百万</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">条</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">鲨鱼被残杀,兼且扰乱海洋的生态平衡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">鲨鱼的鳍有形似粉丝状的翅筋,其中</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">80% 属蛋白质,还含有脂肪、糖分和矿物质,但因为环境污染,体积大的鱼往往吸纳了有害的重金属。 鱼翅有鱼腥味,必需懂得发翅程序和适当烹调才能够变</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">成访</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">朗场</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">?过度烹调会导致蛋白质凝固和营养分流失,真正</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">营养价值可能比不上鸡蛋。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">燕窝一向</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">被</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">视作女性养颜防止衰老补品</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">,含有约</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">60% </span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">水溶性醣蛋白、唾液酸和矿物质,但亦可能受到环境污染,而且市面</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">上</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">充斥了许多经过漂染</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">过的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">彷制品</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">燕窝内的蛋白质可能会导致严重的过敏反应,所以患有多种食物敏感的人士不宜食用。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">燕窝对孕妇和婴儿的影响尚未有明确的研究结果,所以孕妇和婴儿不适宜食用。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(四) 盐分过多</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">身体必须有足够养分才能够维持正常的运作。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">食物除却提供能量,填补饥饿,还可以带来满足和愉悦的感觉。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">为了刺激味蕾,外间准备的食物经常会加重调味,或采用煎炸的方法增加香味。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">含有较多脂肪的肉类通常味道较浓和比较柔软和容易咀嚼,所以和牛和雪花牛肉较为松软和售价昂贵。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">中国人在农历新年期间,都较多食用鲍渗翅肚、腊味、烧味、年糕等贺年食材为了达到色香味的需求,往往在烹调期间加进较多的盐、油、糖和其他配料。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">世界卫生组织建议每天不要吸纳超过</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">5 克的食盐,约一茶匙份量。 亚洲人用的豉油和浆料含盐量都比较高</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">香港卫生署报道香港人平均每人每天会吸纳相约</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">8.5 克食盐。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">吸纳过多盐分会导致留盐积水,血量增加,以致血压上升、心脏病和中风的机会会亦随着增加,而且加重肾脏的负荷。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">要减少吸纳盐分,选择新鲜未经加上的食物和低盐的制成品</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">烹煮食物时用其他香料代替盐</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">和减少食用豉油和其他高盐分的浆料。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">避免在重口味的餐馆进食。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果因为吸纳盐分过多而血压标升,除却减少吸</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">收</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">纳,服用利尿药可以帮助排出盐分,但要定期检查确定钠和钾质不会流失过多。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">五</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">) 食糖过多</span></span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">美国心脏协会建议,平均体重的男性,每天不要饮和食用超过</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">37.5 克的糖,约 9 茶匙,女性就以 25 克或 5 茶匙为限。 北美洲的统计,大部分成年人每天吸纳的糖分都超越建议份量的 2 至 3 倍, 每年消耗近 60 磅糖。 近半数的糖来自甜的饮品,例如汽水、果汁、和年轻人喜爱的珍珠奶茶和能量饮品、加糖的咖啡或茶、和年长人士喜爱的甜汤汤。在外间进餐,经常会加上餐`酒、甜的饮品和餐后的甜品。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">经常饮用或食糖,较多会出现蛀牙。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">我们不建议给与幼年儿童甜的食品,但半数</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">5 岁的儿童都已经患有蛀牙。 糖是非常容易吸收的能量,食用过量会导致体重增加,渐趋肥胖。 肥胖的儿童长大后大部分会继续变得更加肥胖,影响活动能力和整体的健康。 必须从少开始减少食糖和注意口腔牙齿的卫生,与饥</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">及鼓</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">励儿童多做运动,将糖转化成为能量</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">许多快餐店和售卖的零食,都要在食物标签上注明含有的糖、盐和脂肪成分。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">儿童和成年人都要学懂阅读标签和作出适当的选择。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">学校和社区中心应要减少设置售卖零食和甜饮品德自动机器,提供可以饮用的水和健康小食。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-38204506896768261162024-02-10T23:01:00.000-08:002024-02-10T23:02:58.899-08:00細菌感染 Bacterial Infection (繁體)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/02/05</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">抗生素</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在開始消毒和發現抗生素</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">前,許多病人都因為受到細菌感染和傷口發炎而死亡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">自從</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 1940 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年引進</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">盤</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">尼西林</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以後,許多致命的感染症狀都得到控制,而手術的風險亦大幅下降。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但隨著抗生素被廣泛使用,細菌亦出現蛻變</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">產生抗藥性的品種。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">發展新的抗生素需要投放大量時間和資源,臨床使用以後</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">效果可能未如理想</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">或因為不良反應而需要屏棄,所以近年較少推出新的抗生素,而</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嘗</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">試採用不同的抗生素組合來控制頑強的細菌感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但預防勝於治療,注意衛生和接受適當的疫苗注射,可以減少許多感染症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抗生素必須配合健全的免疫系統才能夠將細菌</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">清</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">除。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">治療一些細菌感染症狀,例如牙齒、口腔、耳鼻喉的感染、皮膚、肺部和泌尿道炎症,抗生素相當有效。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在開始抗生素療程之前,最好能夠取得樣本養菌檢驗,可以幫助選擇最有效的組合。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抗生素只能夠清除細菌,對導致傷風感冒的病毒感染並沒有幫助。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">除卻致病的細菌,抗生素亦會擾亂身體內的正常細菌組合,其中一部份有保護功能。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抗生素可能導致腸胃不適,過敏反應,出現藥物抵觸,和引發女性陰道的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">念</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">珠菌感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">服用抗生素必須</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">按照</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">醫生配方指示和跟進療效。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">化</span></b><b><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14pt;">膿</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">性</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> A </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">族鏈球菌</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">天氣寒冷和不穩定,許多孩子染上呼吸道感染症狀,須然大部份都來自病毒感染,但少數會被細菌入侵,導致嚴重的感染症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 20 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲以下因感染而死亡的個案並不常見,但近來卻出現幾個病例,都因為受到侵襲性強的化膿性</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> A </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">族鏈球菌感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">初期的細菌感染症狀近似病毒感染,但細菌感染可能迅速惡化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">由咽喉痛、扁桃腺發炎、皮膚發炎和膿瘡,演變成為猩紅熱、肺炎、血液感染、壞死性筋膜炎、和中毒性休克,必須有所警惕,及早診斷和開始治療,才能夠防止嚴重的併發症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">大部份化膿性鏈球菌感染都可以</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">使</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">用綜合抗生素療程,和動手術去除壞死的細胞組織來控制症狀,但必需及早開始治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果孩子持續發高燒超過</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">天,心跳加速,服用退燒藥仍然不能夠減輕症狀,咽喉劇痛,皮膚出現粗糙的紅疹,都需要詳細檢查,找出感染的源頭,養菌檢驗和開始治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚴重的感染可能導致血壓下降、呼吸困厄、肝腎和凝血功能受損。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">近距離接觸患者的親人和朋友亦需要開始預防性治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">勤洗手、戴口罩,和接受常規的疫苗注射,都可以減少受到感染的機會。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">抗藥性金黃葡萄球菌</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">金黃葡萄球菌是常見的細菌,身體健康的人亦可能帶菌</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">細菌存活在鼻腔和皮膚上,通常不會做成感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但若果身體出現變化,金黃葡萄球菌</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">就</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">可能乘機入侵而導致皮膚、傷口、泌尿道、肺部和血液的感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">金黃葡萄球菌亦可能導致食物污染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">耐藥性的金黃葡萄球菌是能夠抗拒多種常用抗生素的細菌。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">這種細菌的出現相信是因為過度和不適當使用各種抗生素。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抗藥性細菌經常出現在醫院、老人院舍、和一些治療中心,例如透析治療或日間手術中心,但細菌亦</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">會</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在社區內出現。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">傳染途徑是直接接觸到污染的傷口、分泌物或污染的物料和器具。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">近距離接觸、皮膚破損和不注重衛生,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">都</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">可以增加細菌傳播的機會。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抗藥性金黃葡萄球菌可以導致皮膚和軟組織感染,出現皮疹、膿瘡和傷口發炎,局部變得紅腫、疼痛和貫膿</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚴重的感染會侵襲肺部、經血液散播</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">其他部位,和引發壞死性筋膜炎。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">治療需要參照細菌的抗藥性和感染的程度和部位。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">膿瘡需要穿破釋出膿液,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">去除壞死的組織。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">血液和肺部感染必需選擇有效的抗生素療程。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">減少細菌傳播必需著重衛生,妥善處理和掩蓋傷口和膿瘡</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">污染的物料需要妥善棄置,避免接觸細菌和經常清潔雙手。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">四</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">大腸桿菌</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">正常的大腸桿菌是腸道內細菌組合的一部份,幫助分化剩餘的食物渣滓,不會致病。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">致病的大腸桿菌通常來自污染的水或食物感染,或腸道內的細菌出現蛻變,例如長期服用抗生素或腸道阻塞。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">導致腹瀉的大腸桿菌有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">種常見類型,去年曾經在安省導致日托中心的兒童胃腸感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病源可能來自一個帶菌的食物處理員工。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年長人士、幼年兒童、免疫功能失調、和到熱帶旅遊的人士較</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">多</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">受到感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">細菌進入腸道之後,通常在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">天後出現症狀,開始發燒、噁心嘔吐、腹部絞痛和嚴重腹瀉、半數人腹瀉糞便帶血。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">除卻大腸桿菌,志賀菌亦可以導致赤痢。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">少部份的大腸桿菌,例如</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> E</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">coli 0157:H7 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">會分泌志賀毒素,病情可能變得非常嚴重。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 5% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 10% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">受到感染的病人可能出現溶血性尿毒綜合症,除卻嘔吐腹瀉,血管出現發炎反應和血液凝結,以致貧血、血小板被大量消耗,引發出血症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腎臟嚴重受損以致功能衰竭,損害可能不能夠恢復。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚴重的感染需要入院治療,提供營養飲食、輸血和血小板、和透析治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抗生素治療可能沒有功效。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">較新的治療包括置換血漿,和使用單株抗體壓抑和減輕血管的發炎反應和損害。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">預防勝於治療,勤洗手和注意食物的清潔衛生,可以減少感染的傳播。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">隨機性感染</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">隨機性感染是隨機性微生物導致的感染症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">這一類微生物若果寄生在免疫功能正常的健康人士體內</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">通常不會致病,但當身體變得虛弱,出現免疫缺陷時就會乘時入侵。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">愛滋病患者若果缺乏治療,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">CD4 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">免疫細胞下降至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 200/cu mm</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,多種微生物都可能引發感染,例如潛伏的肺結核、連珠菌、弓形體病、和支原體肺炎。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">接受化療,器官移植以後需要長期服用壓抑免疫排斥反應的藥物,都會導致免疫功能下降。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">愛滋病已經有適當和可靠的藥物療程,但部份</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">患</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病的人可能並未知悉染病,或不願意接受治療,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以致</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病發和出現嚴重感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">愛滋病可以經過性接觸、血液和體液傳播,即使藥物可以壓抑愛滋病毒增長,但仍然需要採取適當的預防措施,例如安全的性行為,戴安全套和避免濫交。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">避免進食可能被污染的食物和水,例如生雞蛋,或未經消毒的奶類產品、果汁和蜜糖。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">未經煮沸的河水和湖水。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在旅遊期間,更加需要注意飲食衛生。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">接種預防感染的例行疫苗,和預防地區性疫症的疫苗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">隨機性感染可能需要較長時間的療程,清除細菌、病毒、或真菌和其他微生物,亦可能</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">需要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">長時間繼續服用,預防再次受到感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-34081902111408263622024-02-10T22:58:00.000-08:002024-02-10T22:58:54.371-08:00细菌感染 Bacterial Infection (简体)<p> <span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/02/05</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(一) 抗生素</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在开始消毒和发现抗生素</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">前,许多病人都因为受到细菌感染和伤口发炎而死亡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">自从</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">1940 年引进</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">盘</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">尼西林</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">以后,许多致命的感染症状都得到控制,而手术的风险亦大幅下降。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">但随着抗生素被广泛使用,细菌亦出现蜕变</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">产生抗药性的品种。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">发展新的抗生素需要投放大量时间和资源,临床使用以后</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">效果可能未如理想</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">或因为不良反应而需要屏弃,所以近年较少推出新的抗生素,而</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">尝</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">试采用不同的抗生素组合来控制顽强的细菌感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">但预防胜于治疗,注意卫生和接受适当的疫苗注射,可以减少许多感染症状。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抗生素必须配合健全的免疫系统才能够将细菌</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">清</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">除。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">治疗一些细菌感染症状,例如牙齿、口腔、耳鼻喉的感染、皮肤、肺部和泌尿道炎症,抗生素相当有效。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">在开始抗生素疗程之前,最好能够取得样本养菌检验,可以帮助选择最有效的组合。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">抗生素只能够清除细菌,对导致伤风感冒的病毒感染并没有帮助。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">除却致病的细菌,抗生素亦会扰乱身体内的正常细菌组合,其中一部分有保护功能。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">抗生素可能导致肠胃不适,过敏反应,出现药物抵触,和引发女性阴道的</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">念</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">珠菌感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">服用抗生素必须</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">按照</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">医生配方指示和跟进疗效。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(二) 化</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脓</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">性</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">A 族链球菌</span></span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">天气寒冷和不稳定,许多孩子染上呼吸道感染症状,须然大部分都来自病毒感染,但少数会被细菌入侵,导致严重的感染症状。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">20 岁以下因感染而死亡的个案并不常见,但近来却出现几个病例,都因为受到侵袭性强的化脓性 A 族链球菌感染。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">初期的细菌感染症状近似病毒感染,但细菌感染可能迅速恶化。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">由咽喉痛、扁桃腺发炎、皮肤发炎和脓疮,演变成为猩红热、肺炎、血液感染、坏死性筋膜炎、和中毒性休克,必须有所警惕,及早诊断和开始治疗,才能够防止严重的并发症状。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">大部分化脓性链球菌感染都可以</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">使</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">用综合抗生素疗程,和动手术去除坏死的细胞组织来控制症状,但必需及早开始治疗。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果孩子持续发高烧超过</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">4 天,心跳加速,服用退烧药仍然不能够减轻症状,咽喉剧痛,皮肤出现粗糙的红疹,都需要详细检查,找出感染的源头,养菌检验和开始治疗。 严重的感染可能导致血压下降、呼吸困厄、肝肾和凝血功能受损。 近距离接触患者的亲人和朋友亦需要开始预防性治疗。 勤洗手、戴口罩,和接受常规的疫苗注射,都可以减少受到感染的机会。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(三) 抗药性金黄葡萄球菌</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">金黄葡萄球菌是常见的细菌,身体健康的人亦可能带菌</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">细菌存活在鼻腔和皮肤上,通常不会做成感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">但若果身体出现变化,金黄葡萄球菌</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">就</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">可能乘机入侵而导致皮肤、伤口、泌尿道、肺部和血液的感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">金黄葡萄球菌亦可能导致食物污染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">耐药性的金黄葡萄球菌是能够抗拒多种常用抗生素的细菌。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">这种细菌的出现相信是因为过度和不适当使用各种抗生素。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">抗药性细菌经常出现在医院、老人院舍、和一些治疗中心,例如透析治疗或日间手术中心,但细菌亦</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">会</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">在社区内出现。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">传染途径是直接接触到污染的伤口、分泌物或污染的物料和器具。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">近距离接触、皮肤破损和不注重卫生,都可以增加细菌传播的机会。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抗药性金黄葡萄球菌可以导致皮肤和软组织感染,出现皮疹、脓疮和伤口发炎,局部变得红肿、疼痛和贯脓</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">严重的感染会侵袭肺部、经血液散播</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">其他部位,和引发坏死性筋膜炎。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">治疗需要参照细菌的抗药性和感染的程度和部位。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">脓疮需要穿破释出脓液,</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">去除坏死的组织。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">血液和肺部感染必需选择有效的抗生素疗程。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">减少细菌传播必需着重卫生,妥善处理和掩盖伤口和脓疮</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">污染的物料需要妥善弃置,避免接触细菌和经常清洁双手。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(四) 大肠杆菌</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">正常的大肠杆菌是肠道内细菌组合的一部分,帮助分化剩余的食物渣滓,不会致病。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">致病的大肠杆菌通常来自污染的水或食物感染,或肠道内的细菌出现蜕变,例如长期服用抗生素或肠道阻塞。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">导致腹泻的大肠杆菌有</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">6 种常见类型,去年曾经在安省导致日托中心的儿童胃肠感染。 病源可能来自一个带菌的食物处理员工。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年长人士、幼年儿童、免疫功能失调、和到热带旅游的人士较</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">多</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">受到感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">细菌进入肠道之后,通常在</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">3 至 4 天后出现症状,开始发烧、噁心呕吐、腹部绞痛和严重腹泻、半数人腹泻粪便带血。 除却大肠杆菌,志贺菌亦可以导致赤痢。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">少部分的大肠杆菌,例如</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">E</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">coli 0157:H7 会分泌志贺毒素,病情可能变得非常严重。 5% 至 10% 受到感染的病人可能出现溶血性尿毒综合症,除却呕吐腹泻,血管出现发炎反应和血液凝结,以致贫血、血小板被大量消耗,引发出血症状。 肾脏严重受损以致功能衰竭,损害可能不能够恢复。 严重的感染需要入院治疗,提供营养饮食、输血和血小板、和透析治疗。 抗生素治疗可能没有功效。 较新的治疗包括置换血浆,和使用单株抗体压抑和减轻血管的发炎反应和损害。 预防胜于治疗,勤洗手和注意食物的清洁卫生,可以减少感染的传播。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(五) 随机性感染</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">随机性感染是随机性微生物导致的感染症状。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">这一类微生物若果寄生在免疫功能正常的健康人士体内</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">,</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">通常不会致病,但当身体变得虚弱,出现免疫缺陷时就会乘时入侵。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">爱滋病患者若果缺乏治疗,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">CD4 免疫细胞下降至 200/cu mm,多种微生物都可能引发感染,例如潜伏的肺结核、连珠菌、弓形体病、和支原体肺炎。 接受化疗,器官移植以后需要长期服用压抑免疫排斥反应的药物,都会导致免疫功能下降。 爱滋病已经有适当和可靠的药物疗程,但部分</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">患</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病的人可能并未知悉染病,或不愿意接受治疗,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以致</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病发和出现严重感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">爱滋病可以经过性接触、血液和体液传播,即使药物可以压抑爱滋病毒增长,但仍然需要采取适当的预防措施,例如安全的性行为,戴安全套和避免滥交。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">避免进食可能被污染的食物和水,例如生鸡蛋,或未经消毒的奶类产品、果汁和蜜糖。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">未经煮沸的河水和湖水。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">在旅游期间,更加需要注意饮食卫生。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">接种预防感染的例行疫苗,和预防地区性疫症的疫苗。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">随机性感染可能需要较长时间的疗程,清除细菌、病毒、或真菌和其他微生物,亦可能</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">需要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">长时间继续服用,预防再次受到感染。</span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-8964189475810310432024-02-03T00:39:00.000-08:002024-02-03T00:39:34.752-08:00脫髮 Hairloss (繁體)<p> <span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">202</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">/0</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">/</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">26</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">頭髮的生長</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">毛髮出現問題,因為影響外觀,為許多人帶來煩惱。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">毛髮可能過於濃密,或脫落太多,變得稀疏,也有人年輕白髮。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脫髮可以局限於部份或整個頭皮,亦可能偏及全身的毛髮。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脫髮有短暫的,亦可能是永久性不能逆轉。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脫髮的原因可能基於遺傳、荷爾蒙變化、影響新陳代謝的疾病、治療,或隨著年歲的衰老變化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">兩性都可能出現脫髮的問題,但男性較為常見。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">毛髮生長有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個階段,生長期、脫落期和休止期。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在生長期間,頭髮每個月增長約一厘米,可以持續</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 5 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭髮處於生長階段的時間多數由基因決定,亞洲人頭髮生長較為迅速,但金髮的人頭髮較多和濃密。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">正常情況下</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 85 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 90% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的頭髮應該處於生長期。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">休止期的頭髮停止生長,毛囊逐漸萎縮,但在附近會出現一個生</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">長</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">期的毛囊取代,當舊的頭髮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脱</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">落後</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">新的頭髮就會長出。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">10 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">至</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">15 % </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">的頭髮處於休止期,維持</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">1 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脫落期的毛髮停止生長和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">不再</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">合成黑色素,毛囊開始萎縮和細胞分解,末梢角化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">約</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 1% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的頭髮處於脫落期,維持約兩週。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果不剪短和修飾,頭髮可以長到超過一米</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">長度。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">蒙古人的頭髮既長和黑,但馬來亞人的頭髮較為柔軟、光澤</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">有彈性</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">都適宜作為續髮用途。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">脫髮的病變</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭部約莫有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">萬</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">根</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">毛囊,包括頭髮和面部</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">毫毛。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">正常情況下每天都會有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 50 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 100 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">根頭髮掉落</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是正常的新陳代謝。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果脫落的頭髮過多,頭髮就會變得稀</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">疏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">或出現禿髮的現象。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">最常見是雄激素過多導致的脫髮。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">男性脫髮,通常有遺傳的傾向,加上青春期以後,分泌雙氫睾胴的影響,縮短毛髮的生長期。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">雄激素脫髮通常逐漸顯現,少部份男性在青春期後已經開始脫髮,但多數在中年期加速脫落。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">女性雄激素分泌量低而且有雌激素的保護,雄激素導致的脫髮較少,除非卵巢或荷爾蒙分泌出現變化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">女性禿髮的變化通常影響整個頭皮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭皮出現空間和頭髮變薄。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">產後荷爾蒙分泌驟然變化,頭髮會大量脫落,但通常在產後</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月後回復正常。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">精神和生理壓力的影響,都會加速衰老,毛髮和皮膚出現老化和衰退。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">內分泌失調,例如甲狀腺分泌過高或過低,亦會影響新陳代謝和頭髮的生長週期。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">不適當的減肥和厭食,以致營養不良,頭髮缺乏養份</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">例如鐵質補給,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">亦</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">會</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">變得脆弱。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">斑禿是因為免疫系統錯誤攻擊毛囊細胞,以致出現局部或整片</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">禿髮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眉毛,眼睫毛和其他毛髮部位都可</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">能</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">受到影響。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">防止脫髮</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">減少脫髮,先要找出和</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">糾</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">正增加脫髮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">原因,例如調節荷爾蒙和內分泌、減少心理壓力、改善睡眠習慣、避免拉扯頭髮和搔抓、減少使用刺激和傷害頭皮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">化學製劑。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">補充營養,選擇健康</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">飲食,多吃蔬果、堅果和適當份量</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">蛋白質,按需要補充維生素和鐵質。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">每天輕輕按摩頭皮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 5 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">分鐘,增加血液循環。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">部份男性會接</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">受</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">禿髮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">變化,甚至主動將頭髮刮光。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但若果要減慢脫髮,就要及早開始治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">導致男性脫髮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">主要原因是遺傳因素,和雄激素雙氫睾酮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">刺激,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">致皮脂分泌增加和毛囊萎縮。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">服用減少雙氫睾酮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">藥物,例如</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Finasteride</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,可以增進頭髮生長。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Finasteride </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">多數應用於治療男性前列腺肥大,減少雄激素的刺激。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">部份男性服用後可能感覺性慾退減、難以維持勃起和射精量減少。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">用於治療脫髮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">劑量較輕</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">副作用較少出現。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">局部搽上</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">5%</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">濃度的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Minoxid</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">i</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">l </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">噴劑或水劑,早晚一次,可以增進毛囊和頭皮的血液供應。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">毛囊會變得較為活躍,長出</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭髮更加豐厚和不容易脫落</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Minoxid</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">i</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">l </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">對頭頂上端脫髮較為有效,男女都適用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">當脫髮做成稀疏和禿髮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">變化,可以考慮毛髮移植,手術成功率高</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但要及早開始。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">退而求次可以選擇戴上適當</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">假髮。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; font-weight: bold;">(四) </span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">脂溢性皮炎</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">除卻脫髮,頭皮經常會出現其他病變,包括過敏和發炎反應,細菌、真菌或病毒感染,腫瘤和胎記。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">長期暴曬、頭皮被紫外光損害,可能出現皮膚癌病變,因為被頭髮遮蓋,難以發現。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">檢查皮膚病變,必須包括所有隱蔽部位,例如頭皮、腳底、腋下和腹股溝、嘴唇亦可能受到影響。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脂溢性皮炎</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是一種慢性皮膚炎症,通常出現在皮脂分泌較多</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">頭皮和面龐。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">未滿一個月</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嬰兒,頭皮上可能形成一層厚厚</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">黃色皮疹,耳後亦出現黃色鱗屑,面龐出現紅色丘疹,尿片覆蓋</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹股溝部位亦可能有頑固皮疹。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">去除嬰兒頭頂的奶痂,可以經常用溫和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">洗髮液洗滌按摩來軟化厚硬</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭皮,再搽上滋潤</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">油膏,奶痂通常都會自動脫落。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頑固的奶痂,醫生可能會建議使用加入抗真菌藥物的洗髮液。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">成年人的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脂溢性皮炎</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,較多在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 30 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 40 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲時發生,男多於女</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭皮出現較大片</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">鱗屑,面孔、胸部和上背部皮膚亦可能受到影響。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">皮脂分泌過多</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">可能導致真菌增長,所以治療成年人的脂溢性皮炎</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">通常會採用抑制真菌的洗髮液或藥膏,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">減少發炎反應的類固醇藥膏,軟化和去除角質層的藥物。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果出現細菌感染,就要加上抗生素治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">過早出現白髮</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">健康的頭髮和皮膚是年輕和健康的標誌。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">除卻為頭皮保暖,頭髮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">賦</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">與美的印象和傳</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">遞</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">非語言的訊息,所以許多廣告都選用光澤鮮明</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">長髮飄逸的美女。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭髮的顏色和髮型可以改變一個人</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">外觀和形象。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭髮變白和脫落亦被視為衰老的變化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭髮過早變白自然會影響個人的自信和心</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">態</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">大部份人在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 50 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲之後,頭髮都會逐漸變得灰白,這是自然</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年歲變化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">西方</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">人</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">標準,若果白種人</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 20 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲之前,或黑人在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 30 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲前有白頭髮出現,就屬於過早白髮。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭髮失去色素並一定會加速脫落。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">傳說中因為嚴重打擊和心理因素,頭髮可</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">能</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一夜之間變白</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但研究顯示心理壓力只屬於一個次要因素。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">遺傳基因是引發白髮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">主要原因,不同族裔開始出現白髮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年歲亦</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">各</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">有差異。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">缺乏一些中和自由基</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">維生素和礦物質,例如維生素</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> B D E</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,鐵和銅,亦可能影響生產頭髮色素</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">皮膚細胞。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">自體免疫性疾病、甲狀腺分泌不調、吸煙、過度漂白和染髮,都會損害頭皮而導致失去色素。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">保護頭髮色素,就要糾正導致損害</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因素,補充需要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">養份、調節內分泌和荷爾蒙、控制免疫性疾病、戒除吸煙和避免使用傷害頭皮的化學物質。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果不能夠接受頭髮過早變白,亦可以採用適當安全</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">染髮劑或配戴假髮。</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-19002496151750475662024-02-03T00:36:00.000-08:002024-02-03T00:36:29.327-08:00脱发 Hairloss (简体)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/01/26</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(一) 头发的生长</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">毛发出现问题,因为影响外观,为许多人带来烦恼。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">毛发可能过于浓密,或脱落太多,变得稀疏,也有人年轻白发。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">脱发可以局限于部分或整个头皮,亦可能偏及全身的毛发。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">脱发有短暂的,亦可能是永久性不能逆转。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">脱发的原因可能基于遗传、荷尔蒙变化、影响新陈代谢的疾病、治疗,或随着年岁的衰老变化。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">两性都可能出现脱发的问题,但男性较为常见。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">毛发生长有</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">3 个阶段,生长期、脱落期和休止期。 在生长期间,头发每个月增长约一厘米,可以持续 3 至 5 年。 头发处于生长阶段的时间多数由基因决定,亚洲人头发生长较为迅速,但金发的人头发较多和浓密。 正常情况下 85 至 90% 的头发应该处于生长期。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">休止期的头发停止生长,毛囊逐渐萎缩,但在附近会出现一个生长期的毛囊取代,当旧的头发</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脱</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">落后</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">新的头发就会长出。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">10 至 15 % 的头发处于休止期,维持 1 至</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">3 个月。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脱落期的毛发停止生长和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">不再</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">合成黑色素,毛囊开始萎缩和细胞分解,末梢角化。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">约</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">1% 的头发处于脱落期,维持约两周。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果不剪短和修饰,头发可以长到超过一米</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">长度。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">蒙古人的头发既长和黑,但马来亚人的头发较为柔软、光泽</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">有弹性</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">都适宜作为续发用途。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(二) 脱发的病变</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">头部约莫有</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">10 万</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">根</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">毛囊,包括头发和面部</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">毫毛。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">正常情况下每天都会有</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">50 至 100 根头发掉落</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">,</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">是正常的新陈代谢。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果脱落的头发过多,头发就会变得稀</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">疏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">或出现秃发的现象。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">最常见是雄激素过多导致的脱发。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">男性脱发,通常有遗传的倾向,加上青春期以后,分泌双氢睾胴的影响,缩短毛发的生长期。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">雄激素脱发通常逐渐显现,少部分男性在青春期后已经开始脱发,但多数在中年期加速脱落。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">女性雄激素分泌量低而且有雌激素的保护,雄激素导致的脱发较少,除非卵巢或荷尔蒙分泌出现变化。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">女性秃发的变化通常影响整个头皮</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">头皮出现空间和头发变薄。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">产后荷尔蒙分泌骤然变化,头发会大量脱落,但通常在产后</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">6 个月后回复正常。 精神和生理压力的影响,都会加速衰老,毛发和皮肤出现老化和衰退。 内分泌失调,例如甲状腺分泌过高或过低,亦会影响新陈代谢和头发的生长周期。 不适当的减肥和厌食,以致营养不良,头发缺乏养分</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">例如铁质补给,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">亦</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">会</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">变得脆弱。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">斑秃是因为免疫系统错误攻击毛囊细胞,以致出现局部或整片</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">秃发</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眉毛,眼睫毛和其他毛发部位都可</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">能</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">受到影响。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(三) 防止脱发</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">减少脱发,先要找出和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">纠</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">正增加脱发</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">原因,例如调节荷尔蒙和内分泌、减少心理压力、改善睡眠习惯、避免拉扯头发和搔抓、减少使用刺激和伤害头皮的化学制剂。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">补充营养,选择健康的饮食,多吃蔬果、坚果和适当份量的蛋白质,按需要补充维生素和铁质。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">每天轻轻按摩头皮</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">5 分钟,增加血液循环。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">部分男性会接</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">受</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">秃发</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">变化,甚至主动将头发刮光。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">但若果要减慢脱发,就要及早开始治疗。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">导致男性脱发</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">主要原因是遗传因素,和雄激素双氢睾酮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">刺激,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">致皮脂分泌增加和毛囊萎缩。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">服用减少双氢睾酮</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">药物,例如</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">Finasteride,可以增进头发生长。 Finasteride 多数应用于治疗男性前列腺肥大,减少雄激素的刺激。 部分男性服用后可能感觉性欲退减、难以维持勃起和射精量减少。 用于治疗脱发</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">剂量较轻</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">副作用较少出现。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">局部搽上</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">5%</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">浓度的</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">Minoxid</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">i</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">l 喷剂或水剂,早晚一次,可以增进毛囊和头皮的血液供应。 毛囊会变得较为活跃,长出</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">头发更加丰厚和不容易脱落</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Minoxid</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">i</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">l 对头顶上端脱发较为有效,男女都适用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">当脱发做成稀疏和秃发</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">变化,可以考虑毛发移植,手术成功率高</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">但要及早开始。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">退而求次可以选择戴上适当</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">假发。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold;">(四) </span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脂溢性皮炎</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">除却脱发,头皮经常会出现其他病变,包括过敏和发炎反应,细菌、真菌或病毒感染,肿瘤和胎记。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">长期暴晒、头皮被紫外光损害,可能出现皮肤癌病变,因为被头发遮盖,难以发现。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">检查皮肤病变,必须包括所有隐蔽部位,例如头皮、脚底、腋下和腹股沟、嘴唇亦可能受到影响。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脂溢性皮炎是一种慢性皮肤炎症,通常出现在皮脂分泌较多</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">头皮和面庞。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">未满一个月</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">婴儿,头皮上可能形成一层厚厚</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">黄色皮疹,耳后亦出现黄色鳞屑,面庞出现红色丘疹,尿片覆盖</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">腹股沟部位亦可能有顽固皮疹。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">去除婴儿头顶的奶痂,可以经常用温和</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">洗发液洗涤按摩来软化厚硬</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">头皮,再搽上滋润</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">油膏,奶痂通常都会自动脱落。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">顽固的奶痂,医生可能会建议使用加入抗真菌药物的洗发液。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">成年人的脂溢性皮炎,较多在</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">30 至 40 岁时发生,男多于女</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">头皮出现较大片</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">鳞屑,面孔、胸部和上背部皮肤亦可能受到影响。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">皮脂分泌过多</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">可能导致真菌增长,所以治疗成年人的脂溢性皮炎通常会采用抑制真菌的洗发液或药膏,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">减少发炎反应的类固醇药膏,软化和去除角质层的药物。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果出现细菌感染,就要加上抗生素治疗。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(五) 过早出现白发</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">健康的头发和皮肤是年轻和健康的标志。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">除却为头皮保暖,头发</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">赋</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">与美的印象和传</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">递</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">非语言的讯息,所以许多广告都选用光泽鲜明</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">,长发飘逸的美女。 头发的颜色和发型可以改变一个人的外观和形象。 头发变白和脱落亦被视为衰老的变化。 头发过早变白自然会影响个人的自信和心态。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">大部分人在</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">50 岁之后,头发都会逐渐变得灰白,这是自然的年岁变化。 西方人标准,若果白种人 20 岁之前,或黑人在 30 岁前有白头发出现,就属于过早白发。 头发失去色素并一定会加速脱落。 传说中因为严重打击和心理因素,头发可能一夜之间变白</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但研究显示心理压力只属于一个次要因素。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">遗传基因是引发白发</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">主要原因,不同族裔开始出现白发</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年岁亦</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">各</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">有差异。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">缺乏一些中和自由基</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">维生素和矿物质,例如维生素</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">B D E,铁和铜,亦可能影响生产头发色素</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">皮肤细胞。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">自体免疫性疾病、甲状腺分泌不调、吸烟、过度漂白和染发,都会损害头皮而导致失去色素。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0000pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0.0000gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0.0000gd;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; line-height: 107%; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">保护头发色素,就要纠正导致损害</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; line-height: 107%; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; line-height: 107%; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因素,补充需要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; line-height: 107%; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; line-height: 107%; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">养分、调节内分泌和荷尔蒙、控制免疫性疾病、戒除吸烟和避免使用伤害头皮的化学物质。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果不能够接受头发过早变白,亦可以采用适当安全</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; line-height: 107%; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; line-height: 107%; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">染发剂或配戴假发。</span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-897586943926560892024-01-31T00:12:00.000-08:002024-01-31T00:12:21.252-08:00水腫 Edema<p> <span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">202</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">/0</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">/22</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">週邊水腫</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">水腫是因為有過多的體液在血管以外的間隙空間積聚。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">水腫較多出現在四肢的末端,例如</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">足</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">踝和腳,但手、臉亦可以出現浮腫。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">水腫的皮膚按下</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">去</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">會有短暫的凹陷,脂肪凝聚</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">则</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">則</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">保持彈性。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果水腫突然惡化,變得疼痛、發</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">熱</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">、或有胸口不適、呼吸困難的感覺,就要立即尋求診治。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹腔內積水,和肺部週邊</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">胸腔積液亦需要儘快找出病因和治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">週邊</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">水腫多數是因為水份從微絲血管漏出,導致液體積</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">凝</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">聚。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">微絲血管連結供應血液的動脈系統,和將血液回歸心臟的靜脈系統。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">正常情況下將氧氣和養份傳送給身體的細胞組織,和幫助將新陳代謝產生的廢氣和廢物清除。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果身體</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">組織</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">受到損傷、發炎、微絲血管內壓升高,例如靜脈或淋巴組織阻塞、血清蛋白下降,都會導致液體積聚。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">女性月經週期因為荷爾蒙變化出現的短暫水腫,通常會隋着時間自動消退。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">妊娠期血量增加,荷爾蒙變化,手、腳、臉孔都會出現浮腫,尤其是臨近分娩的期間。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果沒有血壓高、蛋白尿和其他變化,不需要治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">吸納過多鹽份,亦會導致積水和血壓升高。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">成年人每天吸納的鹽份不要超過一茶匙,相等於</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2300</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">mg </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的鈉。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">肺積水</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">週邊水腫,若果能夠減少吸納鹽份,穿著彈性壓力襪,通常都會減退。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果持續增加和惡化,就要找醫生診治,年長</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">人士</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">更需要排除心臟和腎臟衰竭引發的水腫。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果週邊出現水腫</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">再加上感覺呼吸困難和氣促,就要立即到醫院診治,排除肺積水的病變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">肺水腫或肺積水是因為液體和血液從微絲血管滲出,積聚在肺部的組織和肺氣泡,通常有氣促和咳嗽的症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急性肺水腫的病人,呼吸急促和吸氣感覺困難、冒汗、躺下更會惡化,有遇溺</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">窒息的感覺,咳出的痰涎可能帶血</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">而且有缺氧的現象。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">部份肺水腫是因為心臟病引發,最常見的原因是心臟衰竭,不能夠正常泵出血液,血液鬱積在左心房和逆流,導致肺部的微絲血管壓力增加而出現滲漏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">進入肺部組織。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">冠心病突發、心瓣膜病變、心肌受損和高血壓失控,都可以引發急性肺水腫。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">非心臟病導致的肺水腫包括急性呼吸困厄症狀,例如嚴重的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Covid</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">-</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">19 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">感染,和其他細菌感染導致的肺炎。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">高山症、濫用藥物或吸入有害的化學物質,例如濃煙、嚴重創傷和癌病,都會導致肺水腫。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">治療肺水腫要因應致病的原因,但初步的治療是供應氧氣和輔助呼吸,嘗試使用利尿藥減少積水,抒緩心臟的壓力和擴張血管。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">慢性腎臟衰竭</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腎臟的主要功能是幫助身體清除廢物和多出的液體。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">控制血壓、維持酸鹼度平衡、調節體內的鹽份和礦物質、生產促紅細胞生成素和激活維生素</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> D</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">北美洲最</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">常</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">導致慢性腎臟衰竭的原因是糖尿病失控與及高血壓,損害腎臟內的微細血管。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腎臟的細胞組織受到損壞和傷害並不一定能夠修復,腎功能就會逐漸退減而出現症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">慢性腎臟衰竭開始時症狀可能並不明顯,逐漸會出現夜尿頻密、蛋白漏出</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">導致小便出現泡沫、變得混濁和深色。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">當腎臟功能不足</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">夠</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">去除廢物和多出的水份,就會出現眼圈和手腳浮腫、血壓提升、感覺疲倦、食慾不振和噁心、口渴和口有異味、體重下降、皮膚呈現黃褐色和感覺渾身痕癢</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">肌肉痙攣抽搐。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">後期症狀可能影響呼吸和變得神智昏亂。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">患有糖尿病和高血壓的人士要定期檢查,包括心臟和腎臟功能,調節飲食和生活習慣,與及按照指示服用或注射藥物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">當腎臟呈現衰竭,就要控制每日吸納</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">鹽份和鉀,減少動物蛋白例如紅肉和加工</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">肉類製品。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">當腎臟功能</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> GFR </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">下降至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 15 (ml/min/1.73m2) </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">以下,就要安排洗腎,例如可以在家每天進行的腹膜透析,或每週</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">次血液透析。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">適當的病人可以安排接受腎臟移植。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">四</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">腹腔積水</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹腔是肚皮和腸臟之間</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">空間,正常情況下腹腔有少量液體潤滑腸臟</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">當腹腔內或身體出現病變,影響腹腔內</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">血液循環,液體分泌就會增加</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">形成腹水。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">大量腹水可能會導致脹痛,壓迫橫隔膜或漫延到胸腔,導致呼吸不暢順。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">北美洲導致腹水的最常見原因是長期酗酒導致的肝硬化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">多種癌症亦會導致腹水,尤其是盆腔和腹腔內</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">癌症,例如卵巢癌、腸癌和肝癌。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">通常顯示癌細胞已經擴散,進入晚期或復發。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">心臟衰竭、血清蛋白量低、感染、和透析治療都會導致腹水。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">有腹水存在亦會增加腹腔內感染的機會。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚴重腹水</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">醫生可以從臨床觀察診斷。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">近年引進流動的超聲波儀器,可以確定腹水的存在和量度腹水的體積數量。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> CT </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> MRI </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">可以進一步幫助找出胸腔和腹腔內</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病變和導致形成腹水的病因。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">治療</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹水,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">要找出病因才有機會根治。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">控制輕微的腹水,</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">可以減少吸納鹽份和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">限制</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">每天飲用的水。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嘗試用利尿藥去除體液減少積聚,但可能會導致電解質不平衡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">肝臟硬化的病人要停止喝酒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果腹水過多壓迫腹腔和胸腔,醫生就會安排定期做穿刺引流,將腹水抽出去除,但需要補充流失的蛋白質,和維持血壓。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">單側下肢腫脹</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腳和下肢浮腫可以影響單一側或雙側。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">雙側浮腫通常是基於身體的系統出現病變,例如心腎衰竭、吸納鹽份和水份過多、貧血或血液內缺乏蛋白質、睡眠窒息症導致肺動脈高壓和藥物的影響,但亦可以影響單一側。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">單側浮腫較多</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因為局部的病變;最常見的原因包括局部創傷、骨折或扭傷積瘀、深層靜脈栓塞或阻塞、軟組織或骨骼感染發炎、局部過敏反應</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">例如蚊咬</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">)</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">、膝後囊腫、風濕關節炎、淋巴水腫、先天性的病變和惡性腫瘤。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">久站或坐、缺乏活動亦可以導致腳腫。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">診斷在聽取病</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歷</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">後,先要從詳細的身體檢查開始。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">察看小腿是否有感染的跡象,或靜脈栓塞、風濕關節炎導致的骨骹轉變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">盆腔是否有腫瘤或懷孕的象徵。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">進一步的檢查包括測試尿</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">液</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是否有漏出的蛋白與及蛋白數量。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">驗血測試紅血球,白血球和血小板數量、血糖、電解質、肝腎功能、甲狀腺指數、凝血功能、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">D </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">二聚體</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">反</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">影</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">血栓</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">)</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">、心電圖、超聲波確定有沒有下肢靜脈血栓、胸腔和腹腔的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> CT </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">造影。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">治療要針對導致腫脹的病因。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">深層靜脈栓塞,血栓可能</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">會</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">脫落流注到肺部,防止血栓增長</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">漫延</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,通常需要長期服用抗凝血劑。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">新一代的藥物功能比較穩定,不需要經常驗血調整劑量。</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-27308708286881037632024-01-31T00:09:00.000-08:002024-01-31T00:09:44.546-08:00水肿 Edema (简体)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/01/22</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(一) 周边水肿</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">水肿是因为有过多的体液在血管以外的间隙空间积聚。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">水肿较多出现在四肢的末端,例如</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">足</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">踝和脚,但手、脸亦可以出现浮肿。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">水肿的皮肤按下</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">去</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">会有短暂的凹陷,脂肪凝聚</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">则</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">则</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">保持弹性。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果水肿突然恶化,变得疼痛、发热、或有胸口不适、呼吸困难的感觉,就要立即寻求诊治。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">腹腔内积水,和肺部周边</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">胸腔积液亦需要尽快找出病因和治疗。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">周边</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">水肿多数是因为水分从微丝血管漏出,导致液体积</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">凝</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">聚。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">微丝血管连结供应血液的动脉系统,和将血液回归心脏的静脉系统。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">正常情况下将氧气和养分传送给身体的细胞组织,和帮助将新陈代谢产生的废气和废物清除。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果身体组织受到损伤、发炎、微丝血管内压升高,例如静脉或淋巴组织阻塞、血清蛋白下降,都会导致液体积聚。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">女性月经周期因为荷尔蒙变化出现的短暂水肿,通常会隋着时间自动消退。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">妊娠期血量增加,荷尔蒙变化,手、脚、脸孔都会出现浮肿,尤其是临近分娩的期间。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果没有血压高、蛋白尿和其他变化,不需要治疗。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">吸纳过多盐分,亦会导致积水和血压升高。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">成年人每天吸纳的盐分不要超过一茶匙,相等于</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">2300</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">mg 的钠。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(二) 肺积水</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">周边水肿,若果能够减少吸纳盐分,穿着弹性压力袜,通常都会减退。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果持续增加和恶化,就要找医生诊治,年长人士更需要排除心脏和肾脏衰竭引发的水肿。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果周边出现水肿</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">再加上感觉呼吸困难和气促,就要立即到医院诊治,排除肺积水的病变。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">肺水肿或肺积水是因为液体和血液从微丝血管渗出,积聚在肺部的组织和肺气泡,通常有气促和咳嗽的症状。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">急性肺水肿的病人,呼吸急促和吸气感觉困难、冒汗、躺下更会恶化,有遇溺</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">窒息的感觉,咳出的痰涎可能带血</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">而且有缺氧的现象。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">部分肺水肿是因为心脏病引发,最常见的原因是心脏衰竭,不能够正常泵出血液,血液郁积在左心房和逆流,导致肺部的微丝血管压力增加而出现渗漏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">进入肺部组织。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">冠心病突发、心瓣膜病变、心肌受损和高血压失控,都可以引发急性肺水肿。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">非心脏病导致的肺水肿包括急性呼吸困厄症状,例如严重的</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">Covid</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">19 感染,和其他细菌感染导致的肺炎。 高山症、滥用药物或吸入有害的化学物质,例如浓烟、严重创伤和癌病,都会导致肺水肿。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">治疗肺水肿要因应致病的原因,但初步的治疗是供应氧气和辅助呼吸,尝试使用利尿药减少积水,抒缓心脏的压力和扩张血管。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(三) 慢性肾脏衰竭</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">肾脏的主要功能是帮助身体清除废物和多出的液体。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">控制血压、维持酸硷度平衡、调节体内的盐分和矿物质、生产促红细胞生成素和激活维生素</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">D。 北美洲最</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">常</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">导致慢性肾脏衰竭的原因是糖尿病失控与及高血压,损害肾脏内的微细血管。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">肾脏的细胞组织受到损坏和伤害并不一定能够修复,肾功能就会逐渐退减而出现症状。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">慢性肾脏衰竭开始时症状可能并不明显,逐渐会出现夜尿频密、蛋白漏出</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">导致小便出现泡沫、变得混浊和深色。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">当肾脏功能不足</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">够</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">去除废物和多出的水分,就会出现眼圈和手脚浮肿、血压提升、感觉疲倦、食欲不振和噁心、口渴和口有异味、体重下降、皮肤呈现黄褐色和感觉浑身痕痒</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">肌肉痉挛抽搐。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">后期症状可能影响呼吸和变得神智昏乱。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">患有糖尿病和高血压的人士要定期检查,包括心脏和肾脏功能,调节饮食和生活习惯,与及按照指示服用或注射药物。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">当肾脏呈现衰竭,就要控制每日吸纳</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">盐分和钾,减少动物蛋白例如红肉和加工</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">肉类制品。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">当肾脏功能</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">GFR 下降至 15 (ml/min/1.73m2) 以下,就要安排洗肾,例如可以在家每天进行的腹膜透析,或每周 3 次血液透析。 适当的病人可以安排接受肾脏移植。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(四) 腹腔积水</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹腔是肚皮和肠脏之间</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">空间,正常情况下腹腔有少量液体润滑肠脏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">当腹腔内或身体出现病变,影响腹腔内</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">血液循环,液体分泌就会增加</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">形成腹水。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">大量腹水可能会导致胀痛,压迫横隔膜或漫延到胸腔,导致呼吸不畅顺。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">北美洲导致腹水的最常见原因是长期酗酒导致的肝硬化。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">多种癌症亦会导致腹水,尤其是盆腔和腹腔内</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">癌症,例如卵巢癌、肠癌和肝癌。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">通常显示癌细胞已经扩散,进入晚期或复发。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">心脏衰竭、血清蛋白量低、感染、和透析治疗都会导致腹水。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">有腹水存在亦会增加腹腔内感染的机会。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">严重腹水</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">医生可以从临床观察诊断。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">近年引进流动的超声波仪器,可以确定腹水的存在和量度腹水的体积数量。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">CT 和 MRI 可以进一步帮助找出胸腔和腹腔内</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">病变和导致形成腹水的病因。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">治疗腹水,要找出病因才有机会根治。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">控制轻微的腹水,可以减少吸纳盐分和限制每天饮用的水。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">尝试用利尿药去除体液减少积聚,但可能会导致电解质不平衡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">肝脏硬化的病人要停止喝酒。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果腹水过多压迫腹腔和胸腔,医生就会安排定期做穿刺引流,将腹水抽出去除,但需要补充流失的蛋白质,和维持血压。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(五) 单侧下肢肿胀</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">脚和下肢浮肿可以影响单一侧或双侧。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">双侧浮肿通常是基于身体的系统出现病变,例如心肾衰竭、吸纳盐分和水分过多、贫血或血液内缺乏蛋白质、睡眠窒息症导致肺动脉高压和药物的影响,但亦可以影响单一侧。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">单侧浮肿较多</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">因为局部的病变;最常见的原因包括局部创伤、骨折或扭伤积瘀、深层静脉栓塞或阻塞、软组织或骨骼感染发炎、局部过敏反应</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">(例如蚊咬)、膝后囊肿、风湿关节炎、淋巴水肿、先天性的病变和恶性肿瘤。 久站或坐、缺乏活动亦可以导致脚肿。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">诊断在听取病历后,先要从详细的身体检查开始。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">察看小腿是否有感染的迹象,或静脉栓塞、风湿关节炎导致的骨骹转变。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">盆腔是否有肿瘤或怀孕的象征。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">进一步的检查包括测试尿</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">液</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">是否有漏出的蛋白与及蛋白数量。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">验血测试红血球,白血球和血小板数量、血糖、电解质、肝肾功能、甲状腺指数、凝血功能、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">D 二聚体 (反</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">影</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">血栓</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">)、心电图、超声波确定有没有下肢静脉血栓、胸腔和腹腔的 CT 造影。 治疗要针对导致肿胀的病因。 深层静脉栓塞,血栓可能</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">会</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">脱落流注到肺部,防止血栓增长漫延,通常需要长期服用抗凝血剂。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">新一代的药物功能比较稳定,不需要经常验血调整剂量。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-68682426244965653612024-01-19T19:05:00.000-08:002024-01-19T19:05:00.140-08:00自體免疫性疾病 Autoimmune Diseases (繁體)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/01/15</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">自體免疫性疾病</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">自體免疫性疾病是因為幫助身體適應的免疫系統,出現異常的反應,將正常健康的細胞組織和器官,錯誤認作外來物質,攻擊和排斥。
因為身體任何部位都可能成為攻擊的目標,所以產生近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 100 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">種症狀。
估計</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
10% </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的民眾有不同程度的症狀,女性的發病率比男性高,所以有學者認為可能與荷爾蒙變化和懷孕有關。
真正的致病原因尚未能夠確定,但可能結合多種原因,包括遺傳、感染和環境變化的影響。 症狀因人而異,可能持續或間歇發生,從輕微到嚴重,但生理和心理都會受到影響。 常見的症狀包括感覺疲倦、渾身不適、肌肉或關節疼痛、皮膚出疹和低燒。
最常受到影響的身體組織包括結締組織、血管、肌肉、關節、皮膚、紅血球、和內分泌腺,例如胰臟和甲狀腺。 治療可以改善症狀,但仍然會經常復發。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">部份病人症狀局限於特定的器官和部位,但亦可能遍及全身。
常見的自體免疫性病症包括乳糜瀉、一型糖尿病、甲狀腺腫脹、長期的腸炎症狀、多發性硬化症、牛皮癬、類風濕關節炎、和彌漫全身的紅斑狼瘡症狀。 症狀可能相當隱晦,在初期難以診斷,需要加上驗血、驗尿和造影檢測。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">二</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">乳糜瀉</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">自體免疫性疾病的症狀通常是因為免疫系統對特定的身體組織造成損害,影響到新陳代謝和運作功能,但亦可能同時影響到多個器官和身體部位。
腸臟經常受到影響,例如主要影響小腸的乳糜瀉,損害胰臟分泌導致的一型糖尿病。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">乳糜瀉是當進食麥麩質的食物時,例如小麥、大麥和粿麥,在小腸內引發免疫反應,破壞小腸內壁促進吸收養份的凸出小指狀絨毛層。
腸道損傷會導致嚴重腹瀉,腹部腫脹,感覺疲倦、體重下降、和貧血症狀。 乳糜瀉更可以引發多種併發症狀。 因為進食時食物會經過整過消化道,從口腔、食道、胃、小腸、大腸下行到直腸和肛門,所以整個消化道都可能受到影響。
長期的發炎反應可能增加患上胃腸道癌症的機會,兼且亦可能出現淋巴細胞過度增生的病變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">須然很多人都有近似的症狀,但加拿大的統計,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 10 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">萬人之</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun;">當</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">中,每年只有約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
30 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">多人真正確診。
基本的測試包括驗血測試對抗麥麩質的抗體和基因檢測。 進一步可以做胃腸的內窺鏡檢查,提取小腸的絨毛組織做活檢分析。 確診患有乳糜瀉的人士,必須嚴格戒斷進食含有麥麩質的食物,減少和避免對胃腸道的損害。
營養師可以幫助計劃不含麥麩質的飲食餐單。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">三</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">多發性硬化症</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> MS</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">大腦連接脊椎神經,傳遞神經訊息,控制身體各部位的運作和活動,並且接收外界訊息,視、聽、疼痛、觸摸、和位置等感覺。
神經纖維都有磷脂外層包裹,形成保護鞘,減少神經受到損害和幫助神經訊息順利傳遞。 多發性硬化症</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> MS </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的病因是免疫系統出現故障,錯誤攻擊神經纖維的保護鞘,就像包裹電線的塑膠層被破壞和脫落,失去傳遞電訊的功能。
女性患上多發性硬化症</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
MS </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的數目比男性高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 3 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">倍,通常在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 20 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 30 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">歲時發病。 症狀取決於受影響的神經位置和幅度,所以症狀有很大的差異。
常見症狀包括肢體感覺麻痺和無力,通常影響單一側。頸向前彎時有觸電的感覺。 動作不協調,走路不穩定。 一邊眼睛突然部份或完全失去視力、疊影或視覺模糊、感覺眩暈、
性功能出現障礙、排尿和排泄失控、言語含糊、部份人認知能力和情緒受到影響。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">患有近似</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> MS </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">症狀的病人通常要轉介給腦神經科醫生診治,安排</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> MRI </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">造影和脊椎穿刺檢測抗體,排除感染和其他病變,與及測試傳遞神經訊息的功能。
近年已經研發了許多減少發炎反應和阻斷免疫系統對神經鞘攻擊的藥物。 可以緩解和減少症狀復發。 物理和職業治療,可以幫助病人維持日常生活的運作。 心理輔導可以幫助病人和親屬瞭解和適應病況。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">四</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) Graves Disease </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">甲狀腺功能亢進</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">加拿大約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 1/10 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的民眾患有甲狀腺病</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun;">變</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,包括甲狀腺功能退減、甲狀腺功能亢進,和甲狀腺出現腫塊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> Graves Disease </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">是最常見的甲亢病症,身體免疫系統產生刺激甲狀腺的抗體,抗體的功能和腦下垂腺分泌的促甲狀腺激素相仿。
抗體與甲狀腺內的受體結合後導致細胞增生和大量分泌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> T3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">T4 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">等甲狀腺激素。 常見的症狀包括性情變得急躁易怒、心跳過速、怕熱、肌肉乏力、腹瀉和體重驟降。
小腿前的皮膚增厚,眼球明顯突出、睡眠出現障礙。 女性患上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> Grave disease </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的人數比男性高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
7.5 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">倍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">有遺傳的傾向。 多數在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 40 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 60 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">歲時出現症狀,但在任何年歲都會發生。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">甲狀腺亢進的症狀相當明顯,確診的程序包括驗血測試促甲狀腺激素</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> TSH</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,和甲狀腺分泌的激素</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> T3 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> T4</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。 特定的測試包括量度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> TSH </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">受體抗體,頸部的超聲波素描,檢查甲狀腺的腫脹和腫瘤。
攝取 碘 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">I131
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的素描,有助於鑒別腫瘤的性質,和計算治療時需要的放射性同位素劑量。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">治療程序主要有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 3 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">種,碘 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">I131 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">是經口服,吸收後會凝聚在甲狀腺,摧毀過度活躍的甲狀腺細胞組織。
其次是服用抑制甲狀腺抗能的藥物,例如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> Methimazole</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,與及緩和心跳和鎮靜的藥物。 甲狀腺若果出現腫脹和結節,可以動手術切除部份或整個甲狀腺。 手術和輻射治療都可能導致日後出現甲狀腺功能退減和分泌不足,需要服用補充劑。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">牛皮癬</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">當免疫系統對身體的結締組織開始排斥和攻擊,就會出現多種的結締組織病症,例如紅斑狼瘡、類風濕。
若果針對皮膚,就會出現牛皮癬等症狀。 牛皮癬須然近似皮膚感染,但並不會傳染他人。 牛皮癬可以分為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 5 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">種型態:斑塊狀、點滴狀、皮摺位置、膿庖狀和紅皮狀。可以由局部一小塊皮膚的病變,以致遍及全身的皮膚。
常見的變化是身體出現多塊異常的皮膚,發紅、痕癢、變厚和有脫落的皮屑。 皮膚破損可能引發在傷患處出現牛皮癬變化。 牛皮癬患者可能同時有指甲的轉變、部位患者會出現相關的關節炎,而且日後患上淋巴癌、心血管疾病、長期腸炎、抑鬱症狀的機會亦較高。
牛皮癬通常可以憑觀察診斷,刮或切出小塊表皮做病理化驗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">牛皮癬若果出現在手腳或面龐,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun;">會</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">嚴重影響外觀,和就業機會。 除卻痕癢不適,許多患者都感受到精神壓力和情緒抑鬱。 治療需要兼顧生理和心理的障礙。
輕微的症狀可以局部敷治,例如短暫使用高劑量類固醇和維他命</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> D </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">藥膏。 照紫外光亦有壓抑皮膚過度增生的功效,但必須避免過度灼傷。
近年引入許多內服和注射的藥物,例如生物製劑、環孢素、甲氨喋呤和單株抗體</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,<a name="_GoBack"></a> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">但必需小心跟進提防不良反應。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-5951163298534484322024-01-19T19:00:00.000-08:002024-01-19T19:00:00.354-08:00自体免疫性疾病 Autoimmune Diseases (简体)<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">2024/01/15</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">自体免疫性疾病</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">自体免疫性疾病是因为帮助身体适应的免疫系统,出现异常的反应,将正常健康的细胞组织和器官,错误认作外来物质,攻击和排斥。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">因为身体任何部位都可能成为攻击的目标,所以产生近</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 100 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">种症状。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">估计</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 10% </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">的民众有不同程度的症状,女性的发病率比男性高,所以有学者认为可能与荷尔蒙变化和怀孕有关。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">真正的致病原因尚未能够确定,但可能结合多种原因,包括遗传、感染和环境变化的影响。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">症状因人而异,可能持续或间歇发生,从轻微到严重,但生理和心理都会受到影响。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">常见的症状包括感觉疲倦、浑身不适、肌肉或关节疼痛、皮肤出疹和低烧。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">最常受到影响的身体组织包括结缔组织、血管、肌肉、关节、皮肤、红血球、和内分泌腺,例如胰脏和甲状腺。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">治疗可以改善症状,但仍然会经常复发。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">部分病人症状局限于特定的器官和部位,但亦可能遍及全身。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">常见的自体免疫性病症包括乳糜泻、一型糖尿病、甲状腺肿胀、长期的肠炎症状、多发性硬化症、牛皮癣、类风湿关节炎、和弥漫全身的红斑狼疮症状。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">症状可能相当隐晦,在初期难以诊断,需要加上验血、验尿和造影检测。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">乳糜泻</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">自体免疫性疾病的症状通常是因为免疫系统对特定的身体组织造成损害,影响到新陈代谢和运作功能,但亦可能同时影响到多个器官和身体部位。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">肠脏经常受到影响,例如主要影响小肠的乳糜泻,损害胰脏分泌导致的一型糖尿病。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">乳糜泻是当进食麦麸质的食物时,例如小麦、大麦和□麦,在小肠内引发免疫反应,破坏小肠内壁促进吸收养分的凸出小指状绒毛层。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">肠道损伤会导致严重腹泻,腹部肿胀,感觉疲倦、体重下降、和贫血症状。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">乳糜泻更可以引发多种并发症状。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">因为进食时食物会经过整过消化道,从口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠下行到直肠和肛门,所以整个消化道都可能受到影响。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">长期的发炎反应可能增加患上胃肠道癌症的机会,兼且亦可能出现淋巴细胞过度增生的病变。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">须然很多人都有近似的症状,但加拿大的统计,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 10 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">万人之当中,每年只有约</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 30 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">多人真正确诊。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">基本的测试包括验血测试对抗麦麸质的抗体和基因检测。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">进一步可以做胃肠的内窥镜检查,提取小肠的绒毛组织做活检分析。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">确诊患有乳糜泻的人士,必须严格戒断进食含有麦麸质的食物,减少和避免对胃肠道的损害。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">营养师可以帮助计划不含麦麸质的饮食餐单。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">多发性硬化症</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> MS</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">大脑连接脊椎神经,传递神经讯息,控制身体各部位的运作和活动,并且接收外界讯息,视、听、疼痛、触摸、和位置等感觉。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">神经纤维都有磷脂外层包裹,形成保护鞘,减少神经受到损害和帮助神经讯息顺利传递。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">多发性硬化症</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> MS </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">的病因是免疫系统出现故障,错误攻击神经纤维的保护鞘,就像包裹电线的塑胶层被破坏和脱落,失去传递电讯的功能。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">女性患上多发性硬化症</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> MS </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">的数目比男性高</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 3 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">倍,通常在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 20 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 30 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">岁时发病。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">症状取决于受影响的神经位置和幅度,所以症状有很大的差异。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">常见症状包括肢体感觉麻痹和无力,通常影响单一侧。颈向前弯时有触电的感觉。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">动作不协调,走路不稳定。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">一边眼睛突然部分或完全失去视力、叠影或视觉模糊、感觉眩晕、</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">性功能出现障碍、排尿和排泄失控、言语含糊、部分人认知能力和情绪受到影响。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">患有近似</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">
MS </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">症状的病人通常要转介给脑神经科医生诊治,安排</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> MRI </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">造影和脊椎穿刺检测抗体,排除感染和其他病变,与及测试传递神经讯息的功能。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">近年已经研发了许多减少发炎反应和阻断免疫系统对神经鞘攻击的药物。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">可以缓解和减少症状复发。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">物理和职业治疗,可以帮助病人维持日常生活的运作。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">心理辅导可以帮助病人和亲属了解和适应病况。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">四</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) Graves Disease </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">甲状腺功能亢进</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">加拿大约</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">
1/10 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">的民众患有甲状腺病变,包括甲状腺功能退减、甲状腺功能亢进,和甲状腺出现肿块。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> Graves Disease </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">是最常见的甲亢病症,身体免疫系统产生刺激甲状腺的抗体,抗体的功能和脑下垂腺分泌的促甲状腺激素相仿。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">抗体与甲状腺内的受体结合后导致细胞增生和大量分泌</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> T3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">T4 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">等甲状腺激素。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">常见的症状包括性情变得急躁易怒、心跳过速、怕热、肌肉乏力、腹泻和体重骤降。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">小腿前的皮肤增厚,眼球明显突出、睡眠出现障碍。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">女性患上</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> Grave disease </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">的人数比男性高</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">
7.5 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">倍</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">有遗传的倾向。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">多数在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 40 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 60 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">岁时出现症状,但在任何年岁都会发生。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">甲状腺亢进的症状相当明显,确诊的程序包括验血测试促甲状腺激素</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> TSH</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">,和甲状腺分泌的激素</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> T3 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> T4</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">特定的测试包括量度</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> TSH </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">受体抗体,颈部的超声波素描,检查甲状腺的肿胀和肿瘤。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">摄取</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">碘</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> I131 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">的素描,有助于鉴别肿瘤的性质,和计算治疗时需要的放射性同位素剂量。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">治疗程序主要有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">
3 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">种,碘</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> I131 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">是经口服,吸收后会凝聚在甲状腺,摧毁过度活跃的甲状腺细胞组织。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">其次是服用抑制甲状腺抗能的药物,例如</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> Methimazole</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">,与及缓和心跳和镇静的药物。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">甲状腺若果出现肿胀和结节,可以动手术切除部分或整个甲状腺。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">手术和辐射治疗都可能导致日后出现甲状腺功能退减和分泌不足,需要服用补充剂。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">牛皮癣</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">当免疫系统对身体的结缔组织开始排斥和攻击,就会出现多种的结缔组织病症,例如红斑狼疮、类风湿。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">若果针对皮肤,就会出现牛皮癣等症状。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">牛皮癣须然近似皮肤感染,但并不会传染他人。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">牛皮癣可以分为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 5 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">种型态:斑块状、点滴状、皮摺位置、脓庖状和红皮状。可以由局部一小块皮肤的病变,以致遍及全身的皮肤。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">常见的变化是身体出现多块异常的皮肤,发红、痕痒、变厚和有脱落的皮屑。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">皮肤破损可能引发在伤患处出现牛皮癣变化。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">牛皮癣患者可能同时有指甲的转变、部位患者会出现相关的关节炎,而且日后患上淋巴癌、心血管疾病、长期肠炎、抑郁症状的机会亦较高。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">牛皮癣通常可以凭观察诊断,刮或切出小块表皮做病理化验。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">牛皮癣若果出现在手脚或面庞,会严重影响外观,和就业机会。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">除却痕痒不适,许多患者都感受到精神压力和情绪抑郁。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">治疗需要兼顾生理和心理的障碍。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">轻微的症状可以局部敷治,例如短暂使用高剂量类固醇和维他命</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> D </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">药膏。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">照紫外光亦有压抑皮肤过度增生的功效,但必须避免过度灼伤。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">近年引入许多内服和注射的药物,例如生物制剂、环孢素、甲氨喋呤和单株抗体</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">但必需小心跟进提防不良反应。</span></p><p></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-55833733277500096552024-01-12T13:59:00.000-08:002024-01-12T13:59:11.523-08:00酒精導致的病症 Alcohol Related Diseases (繁體)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/01/08</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">醉駕的定義</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">自從有歷史記載,就有酒的存在,作為慶典、祭祀、宴飲的主要飲料。
少量酒精可以產生愉悅、鬆弛和興奮的感覺。 較高量的酒精,就會產生麻醉作用。 許多宗教都反對喝酒,認為傷身亂性。 美國曾經禁酒,但並不成功。 加拿大容許省酒類管理局轄下的酒房出售給與成年人,領有酒牌的店舖可以供應酒精飲料。
近年逐漸放寬在公眾場所喝酒的限制。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">本省的醉駕法例,若果任何駕駛者血液內的酒精含量相等或超越</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">50mg/100ml</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,即每</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 100 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">毫升血液內有相等或超越</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 50 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">毫克的酒精,就屬於違法的醉酒駕駛。 初學或新開始駕駛者血液內不能有酒精存在。
在假日期間,尤其是晚上,警察會設置路障,發現可疑的駕駛者就會限令在路邊做酒精吹氣測試,若果超過上限,就要立即停止駕駛。 酒精含量的標準仍然要驗血測試才能夠確定。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">正常體重的成年人,尤其是體重較輕的女性,若果在一至兩小時內喝多過兩杯酒,血液酒精含量就會攀升到超標程度。
一杯酒相等於約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
14 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">克純酒精,例如一罐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 12 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">安士</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 5% </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的啤酒。 人體可以每小時分化和排泄約一杯酒份量的酒精。
但每個人吸收和分化酒精的能力都有差異。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">二</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">導致酗酒的原因</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">北美洲的統計,約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 2/3 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的成年人間中或經常喝酒,只有約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 1/3 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的人完全不沾酒類飲品。 收入較高和教育水平高的人,喝酒的比率亦比較高。
路邊喝得神智不清的醉漢並不能夠反應酗酒的群體。 導致酗酒習慣有多種原因,約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 40% </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的酗酒人士是因為自少接觸經常喝酒的親屬,甚至被鼓勵嘗試喝酒作為日後社交的應</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun;">對</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">能力。 若果有酗酒的近親,更容易受到影響。 青少年很容易受到朋輩的慫恿,為了合群和得到別人認同,就會參與飲用酒精或吸服大麻的派對和聚會,逐漸成癮。
但青少年亦可以選擇和有健康心態的朋友交往。 培養健康生活和運動的習慣。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">部份人喝酒是因為認為酒精可以幫助減輕壓力、焦慮和抑鬱,短暫帶來輕鬆和愉悅的感覺。
甚至有一醉解千愁的誤解。 因為酒精的作用過後,仍然需要面對所有的煩惱和問題。 為了逃避,就會重覆喝醉,逐漸變得依賴酒精。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">須然有些人對喝酒不感興趣,甚至抗拒某些酒類飲品的味道;但亦有部份人遺傳基因和生理結構特別容易接受酒精。
酒精會產生愉悅興奮的感覺,以致大腦會產生重覆喝酒的希冀,甚至變得渴求和有需要喝酒的衝動。 要幫助這些人戒酒相當困難。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">三</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">酗酒的定義</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">要診斷酗酒的問題並不容易,因為許多喝酒成了習慣而變得依賴酒精的患者並不自覺,不承認有酗酒</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">弊病和不願意尋求治療。 醫務人員需要根據指引和深入瞭解病人的狀況才能夠確定酗酒的嚴重程度。 酗酒的病徵和症狀包括:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">喝酒的份量和時間都比預期多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">有意願減少和停止喝酒,但嘗試多次都失敗。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">經常有衝動和渴望喝酒。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">四</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">花費許多時間獲取酒,喝酒和受到酒精的影響之後恢復神智。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">因為酗酒而影響到工作、學業、或家庭,損害到人際關係,甚至放棄社交、正常活動和職業。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">六</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">知道酗酒有害,會影響身體和心理,但仍要繼續喝酒。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">七</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">身體對酒產生耐受能力,相同份量的酒再不能夠達到期望的效果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">八</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">停止喝酒就會出現戒斷症狀,例如失眠、手顫抖、噁心嘔吐、以致在不適當時間,例如在工作期間偷喝來減輕症狀和渴求。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">節日期間參與聚會,只要不立即駕駛,喝一至兩杯酒不會構成嚴重問題,但不希望青少年過早開始喝酒。
成年人若果每次喝酒超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 4
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 5 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">杯,女性一週內喝超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 8 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">杯酒,男性超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 15 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">杯,就屬於過度使用酒精。 懷孕或哺乳期間得女性,不應飲用任何份量的酒。
喝酒,抽菸和吸服大麻都會影響胎兒成長中的大腦。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">四</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">酒精過量</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一位準新郎被朋友灌酒,喝到酩酊大醉,伴郎團企圖扣喉刺激,讓新郎將酒吐出。
此舉非常危險,若果嘔吐物吸進氣管,可能會導致窒息或肺炎。 飲酒過量或過速都會影響觀察、判斷和決定能力,動作變得不協調和笨拙,容易發生意外。 若果繼續喝酒,血液中酒精濃度升高,就可能影響大腦的運作和維護生命的功能。
若果飲酒再加上服用其他止痛、安眠或鎮靜的藥物,風險更高。 若果飲酒時加上咖啡,咖啡因的提神功能可能延慢酒精的麻醉作用,以致繼續喝得更多。 咖啡和酒精都有利尿功能,水份流失,血液中酒精濃度相應升高,兼且可能導致缺水。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">隨著血液內的酒精濃度上升,初期會有亢奮鬆弛的感覺,但逐漸就會睏倦瞌睡。
言語、思考、記憶、協調和平衡能力都會出現障礙,部份人可能情緒和行為失控,衝動和攻擊他人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">若果酒精繼續被吸納進入血液,就可能變得意識昏亂,或陷入昏迷狀態,呼吸變得緩慢和不規則</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">心跳緩慢,皮膚濕冷和體溫下降。 部份人可能引發癲癇症狀。
若果出現嘔吐,因為失去保護氣管和咳嗽的反應,可能會導致窒息。 近年發現青少年和年輕人間歇酗酒和喝得過量的比率有上升的趨勢。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">酒精和癌病</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">酒是成年人的合法飲品,許多人都認為社交、慶典和聚會中不能缺少美酒,懂得品酒更成為一種高級時尚。
但近年的研究,將酒精訂定為有毒性、影響精神心理、和產生依賴性的化學物質,並且列入為第一類致癌物質,和石棉、輻射和煙草同類。 可惜政府並沒有投入資源宣傳和教育酒精的禍害。
許多社交媒體卻經常推廣喝酒的文化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">世界衛生組織在去年公佈任何度量的酒精飲品都可能影響健康。 喝酒越多,風險越大。
酒精在肝臟內會被分化成為乙醛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
Acetaldehyde</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,乙醛會損害細胞,而且妨礙細胞修復。
酒精影響身體內的荷爾蒙分泌和平衡,例如雌激素和胰島素,過多的分泌會刺激細胞增生和增加癌症病變的風險。 酒精影響口腔和咽喉的細胞組織,更容易受到其他有害物質,例如煙草的損害。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">酒精會增加女性患上乳癌,男性患上結腸和直腸癌的風險。 其他的癌症病變,包括口腔、咽喉、食道、聲帶和肝臟的癌病風險亦會增加。
估計</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
1/10 </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的癌病和喝酒有關。
過量酒精加上煙草,風險更高。 酒精損害肝臟,導致肝炎和肝硬化,後期可能出現癌症病變。 若果能夠及早戒酒,就可以停止損害,而且肝臟有自我修復的功能。</span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-13553712320637202024-01-12T13:54:00.000-08:002024-01-12T13:54:28.516-08:00酒精导致的病症 Alcohol Related Diseases 简体)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/01/08</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">)
</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">醉驾的定义</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">自从有历史记载,就有酒的存在,作为庆典、祭祀、宴饮的主要饮料。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">少量酒精可以产生愉悦、松弛和兴奋的感觉。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">较高量的酒精,就会产生麻醉作用。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">许多宗教都反对喝酒,认为伤身乱性。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">美国曾经禁酒,但并不成功。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">加拿大容许省酒类管理局辖下的酒房出售给与成年人,领有酒牌的店铺可以供应酒精饮料。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">近年逐渐放宽在公众场所喝酒的限制。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">本省的醉驾法例,若果任何驾驶者血液内的酒精含量相等或超越</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">50mg/100ml</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">,即每</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">
100 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">毫升血液内有相等或超越</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 50 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">毫克的酒精,就属于违法的醉酒驾驶。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">初学或新开始驾驶者血液内不能有酒精存在。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">在假日期间,尤其是晚上,警察会设置路障,发现可疑的驾驶者就会限令在路边做酒精吹气测试,若果超过上限,就要立即停止驾驶。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酒精含量的标准仍然要验血测试才能够确定。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">正常体重的成年人,尤其是体重较轻的女性,若果在一至两小时内喝多过两杯酒,血液酒精含量就会攀升到超标程度。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">一杯酒相等于约</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 14 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">克纯酒精,例如一罐</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 12 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">安士</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 5% </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">的啤酒。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">人体可以每小时分化和排泄约一杯酒份量的酒精。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">但每个人吸收和分化酒精的能力都有差异。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">)
</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">导致酗酒的原因</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">北美洲的统计,约</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 2/3 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">的成年人间中或经常喝酒,只有约</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 1/3 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">的人完全不沾酒类饮品。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">收入较高和教育水平高的人,喝酒的比率亦比较高。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">路边喝得神智不清的醉汉并不能够反应酗酒的群体。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">导致酗酒习惯有多种原因,约</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 40% </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">的酗酒人士是因为自少接触经常喝酒的亲属,甚至被鼓励尝试喝酒作为日后社交的应对能力。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">若果有酗酒的近亲,更容易受到影响。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">青少年很容易受到朋辈的怂恿,为了合群和得到别人认同,就会参与饮用酒精或吸服大麻的派对和聚会,逐渐成瘾。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">但青少年亦可以选择和有健康心态的朋友交往。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">培养健康生活和运动的习惯。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">部分人喝酒是因为认为酒精可以帮助减轻压力、焦虑和抑郁,短暂带来轻松和愉悦的感觉。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">甚至有一醉解千愁的误解。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">因为酒精的作用过后,仍然需要面对所有的烦恼和问题。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">为了逃避,就会重覆喝醉,逐渐变得依赖酒精。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">须然有些人对喝酒不感兴趣,甚至抗拒某些酒类饮品的味道;但亦有部分人遗传基因和生理结构特别容易接受酒精。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酒精会产生愉悦兴奋的感觉,以致大脑会产生重覆喝酒的希冀,甚至变得渴求和有需要喝酒的冲动。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">要帮助这些人戒酒相当困难。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">)
</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酗酒的定义</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">要诊断酗酒的问题并不容易,因为许多喝酒成了习惯而变得依赖酒精的患者并不自觉,不承认有酗酒的弊病和不愿意寻求治疗。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">医务人员需要根据指引和深入了解病人的状况才能够确定酗酒的严重程度。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酗酒的病征和症状包括:</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">一</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">喝酒的份量和时间都比预期多。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">二</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">有意愿减少和停止喝酒,但尝试多次都失败。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">三</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">经常有冲动和渴望喝酒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">四</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">花费许多时间获取酒,喝酒和受到酒精的影响之后恢复神智。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">五</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">因为酗酒而影响到工作、学业、或家庭,损害到人际关系,甚至放弃社交、正常活动和职业。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">六</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">知道酗酒有害,会影响身体和心理,但仍要继续喝酒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">七</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">身体对酒产生耐受能力,相同份量的酒再不能够达到期望的效果。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">八</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">停止喝酒就会出现戒断症状,例如失眠、手颤抖、恶心呕吐、以致在不适当时间,例如在工作期间偷喝来减轻症状和渴求。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">节日期间参与聚会,只要不立即驾驶,喝一至两杯酒不会构成严重问题,但不希望青少年过早开始喝酒。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">成年人若果每次喝酒超过</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 4 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 5 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">杯,女性一周内喝超过</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 8 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">杯酒,男性超过</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 15 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">杯,就属于过度使用酒精。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">怀孕或哺乳期间得女性,不应饮用任何份量的酒。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">喝酒,抽烟和吸服大麻都会影响胎儿成长中的大脑。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">四</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">)
</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酒精过量</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">一位准新郎被朋友灌酒,喝到酩酊大醉,伴郎团企图扣喉刺激,让新郎将酒吐出。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">此举非常危险,若果呕吐物吸进气管,可能会导致窒息或肺炎。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">饮酒过量或过速都会影响观察、判断和决定能力,动作变得不协调和笨拙,容易发生意外。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">若果继续喝酒,血液中酒精浓度升高,就可能影响大脑的运作和维护生命的功能。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">若果饮酒再加上服用其他止痛、安眠或镇静的药物,风险更高。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">若果饮酒时加上咖啡,咖啡因的提神功能可能延慢酒精的麻醉作用,以致继续喝得更多。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">咖啡和酒精都有利尿功能,水分流失,血液中酒精浓度相应升高,兼且可能导致缺水。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">随着血液内的酒精浓度上升,初期会有亢奋松弛的感觉,但逐渐就会困倦瞌睡。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">言语、思考、记忆、协调和平衡能力都会出现障碍,部分人可能情绪和行为失控,冲动和攻击他人。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">若果酒精继续被吸纳进入血液,就可能变得意识昏乱,或陷入昏迷状态,呼吸变得缓慢和不规则</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">心跳缓慢,皮肤湿冷和体温下降。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">部分人可能引发癫痫症状。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">若果出现呕吐,因为失去保护气管和咳嗽的反应,可能会导致窒息。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">近年发现青少年和年轻人间歇酗酒和喝得过量的比率有上升的趋势。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">(</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">)
</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酒精和癌病</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酒是成年人的合法饮品,许多人都认为社交、庆典和聚会中不能缺少美酒,懂得品酒更成为一种高级时尚。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">但近年的研究,将酒精订定为有毒性、影响精神心理、和产生依赖性的化学物质,并且列入为第一类致癌物质,和石棉、辐射和烟草同类。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">可惜政府并没有投入资源宣传和教育酒精的祸害。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">许多社交媒体却经常推广喝酒的文化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">世界卫生组织在去年公布任何度量的酒精饮品都可能影响健康。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">喝酒越多,风险越大。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酒精在肝脏内会被分化成为乙醛</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> Acetaldehyde</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">,乙醛会损害细胞,而且妨碍细胞修复。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酒精影响身体内的荷尔蒙分泌和平衡,例如雌激素和胰岛素,过多的分泌会刺激细胞增生和增加癌症病变的风险。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酒精影响口腔和咽喉的细胞组织,更容易受到其他有害物质,例如烟草的损害。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酒精会增加女性患上乳癌,男性患上结肠和直肠癌的风险。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">其他的癌症病变,包括口腔、咽喉、食道、声带和肝脏的癌病风险亦会增加。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">估计</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> 1/10 </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">的癌病和喝酒有关。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">过量酒精加上烟草,风险更高。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">酒精损害肝脏,导致肝炎和肝硬化,后期可能出现癌症病变。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;">若果能够及早戒酒,就可以停止损害,而且肝脏有自我修复的功能。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-288908269321528912024-01-05T23:43:00.000-08:002024-01-05T23:43:12.173-08:00上腹部痛症 Upper Abdominal Pain (繁體)<p> <span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/01/0</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">1</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹痛的初步評估</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹痛有許多病因,家庭醫生和急症室都經常</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">診治不同的腹痛症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 1/4 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的腹痛沒有明顯的病因</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但醫生必須排除一些較嚴重的病變,因為如果未能夠及早診斷,可能導致身體損害</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">甚</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">危及生命。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到訪急症室的病人,通常需要經過甄別評估,釐訂病情的嚴重程度。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">初步要確定呼吸道暢順,呼吸頻率正常,和血液循環維持穩定。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果病人的情況不穩定,就要立即開始診治和急救。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">情況較穩定的病人,醫生會搜尋病人過往的病歷和服用的藥物,詢問病人的症狀和發病過程,評估是否有感染、內出血、和女性懷孕的可能性。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">臨床檢查腹腔和盆腔,是否有劇痛、積水或鼓脹。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年輕女性需要檢測尿液,驗孕和排除泌尿道感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹痛可能會漫延或傳</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">遞</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹股溝、背部、胸部和肩膊。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果病人有高燒和屙嘔肚瀉;可能需要輸液和使用藥物治療抒減症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">有內出血跡象和血壓不穩定的病人,需要配血準備輸血補充,和知會手術科醫生聽取意見。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">醫生檢查腹部通常會將腹部劃分為上、下、左、右</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個部位,例如右上腹痛可能是連接橫膈膜的肺部病變,肝、膽或腎臟問題,左上腹部有胃腸、胰臟、脾臟和腎臟等器官,右下腹部疼痛就要排除盲腸炎、女性卵巢和宮外孕等病症。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">消化不良症狀</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">都市人許多都有消化不良症狀,大部份是因為生活節奏緊張和飲食習慣失調。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">正常情況下進食時胃部肌肉會自然放鬆,增加納入食物的容量,和開始絞扭性的蠕動,將食物、胃酸和消化酶混合,變成食糜。胃的消化過程完畢後胃部肌肉會慢慢收縮,出口擴張,將食糜推進十二指腸和小腸,繼續消化和吸收。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果胃的蠕動和鬆緊調節出現障礙,進食時不能夠放鬆擴張,食物的容量減少,進食時很快就會有飽</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">感覺。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">蠕動減慢和不協調,食物長時間留在胃部,就會感覺脹悶。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">即使沒有進食,若果不能夠將持續分泌的胃液排出,亦會感覺有胃氣和胃脹</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">消化不良大多數是胃功能不協調,少部份是因為消化系統的病症,例如胃和十二指腸潰瘍、和胃癌。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">除卻有胃脹和胃氣</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">感覺,可能有胃酸逆流、吞嚥困難、上腹部不適、嘔心、食慾不佳、經常排氣和腹瀉等症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">部份人感覺口腔有異味。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果有體重下降和貧血等徵象,就要儘快找醫生安排檢驗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">治療先要改善生活和飲食習慣,戒煙酒、減少進食辛辣、酸性、和油膩的食物、與及含有氣體的飲品。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">胃酸胃氣過多,可以服用抑制胃酸分泌的藥物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幫助消化,可以添加含有多種消化酵素的補充劑。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">胃腸潰瘍</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">胃或十二指腸</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">黏膜層被胃酸和消化</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">液</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">侵蝕,加上細菌感染和藥物的影響,就可能出現表層破損或更深層的潰瘍。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幽門螺旋菌感染是最常導致胃腸黏膜破損和出現病變的原因。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">長期服用阿司匹林,或其他非甾類風濕抗炎藥例如布洛芬和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Naprosyn</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">都</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">可能削弱黏膜層引發潰瘍。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">成年人和長者較多出現胃腸潰瘍,但酗酒、濫藥、極度恐慌和壓力,都會增加病發的機會。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">約半數的患者有家族遺傳的病史。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">不良的飲食習慣須然會影響健康,但很少會導致胃腸潰瘍。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">胃腸潰瘍初期可能沒有症狀,部份人上腹部可能在饑餓時感覺有灼熱疼痛的感覺,進食或服用抗胃酸藥就可以抒解症狀,但</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">小時後又會感覺不適。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚴重的潰瘍,可能導致胃腸出血、穿破、發炎結痂導致阻塞,和引發癌症病變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">檢驗先從測試幽門螺旋菌和大便隱血開始。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">確診最準確的方法是安排內窺鏡檢查食道、胃和小腸,抽取細胞組織活檢</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">內窺鏡可以用於治療急性的潰瘍出血,局部注射止血的藥物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因為幽門螺旋菌是致病的主要病因,若果有細菌存在,就要服用抗生素和抑制胃酸分泌的藥物療程。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果有胃腸穿破或阻塞,重</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">覆</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">出血,就需要動手術治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">四</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">膽結石</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">基於飲食的選擇,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">10% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 20% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">北美洲人都有膽結石,但</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 80% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">並</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">沒有症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">女性出現症狀的機會較高,而且隨著年歲增加。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">膽囊是肝下方一個梨形囊狀器官</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幫助儲藏膽汁。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">進食時膽囊</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">釋</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">放出膽汁,經膽管流注</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">小腸上段,幫助分解食物脂肪。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">膽結石通常是因為膽汁不流暢,以致沉澱形成固體,初期膽石像沙粒,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">逐漸</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">凝聚成為大</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">結石,達到數公分直徑。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">膽結石有最常見的黃色膽固醇結石,和黑褐色的膽紅素結石。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">膽結石堵塞膽管</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">可能導致膽囊炎和胰腺炎</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">. 但</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在引發急性膽囊炎之前,通常有重覆的膽絞痛症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">膽絞痛發作時右上</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">感覺非常疼痛,而且傳遞</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">右邊肩膊和手臂,兼且有噁心、劇烈嘔吐,但症狀持續數小時後,大多數會自動消退。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果膽管內</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">結石長時間堵塞,就可能引發急性膽囊炎。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">膽囊炎的症狀是持續的膽管痛</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">, </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">右上腹感覺痛楚,按下去非常疼痛,而且有反彈的痛楚,發燒發冷,劇烈嘔吐。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果不能夠立即安排動手術去除發炎的膽囊,可能呈現缺水和黃疸的轉變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">確診</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">方法是做超聲波檢驗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急性膽囊炎通常需要在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 24 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">小時內動手術,以免膽囊破裂導致腹腔和血液感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">預防膽結石,是要減少攝取脂肪,降低膽固醇,和多做運動。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">腹痛需知</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急症室每天都要處理多宗腹痛症狀,腸胃病</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">最常見的病因。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">但腹部由外至內</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">包括腹部皮膚、肌肉、結締組織、胃、腸和內臟器官,都可以引發痛楚。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">心肺疾病,亦可以刺激橫隔膜引發上腹部的疼痛感覺。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幸而大部份腹痛都沒有嚴重的病因,只需要休息、補充水份、服用</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">適當</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">抒解症狀的藥物,都會自動消退。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急性劇烈的腹痛,若果伴隨有高燒、局部的痛楚、起坐</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">令到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">痛楚增加、持續嘔吐、吐血或大便帶血、感覺虛弱和眩暈、血壓下降、不能夠排尿、和症狀持續惡化,都需要儘快</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急症室診治。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">懷孕的女性,若果有劇烈腹痛和下部出血,亦需要儘快診治。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">持續時發時止</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹痛,即使痛楚可以忍受,亦需要找出病因。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果伴隨有非節食</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">而</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">體重驟然下降、沒有明顯原因的虛弱和疲乏感覺、排便習慣轉變,例如突然出現便秘成持續腹瀉、肛門出血或糞便有血、服用止痛藥</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">亦</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">不能夠消除的腹痛症狀、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">尿道有感染的跡象和後腰腎臟部位感覺疼痛、異常的經期或大量的經血,都需要儘快找醫生診治。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹部鼓脹、下肢水腫、黃疸</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">, </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">亦可能是肝臟和腹腔內</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚴重病變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">乙型肝炎和導致子宮頸癌的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> HPV </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">病毒感染,都有疫苗可以預防。</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-17995508529723911972024-01-05T23:40:00.000-08:002024-01-05T23:40:36.649-08:00上腹部痛症 Upper Abdominal Pain (简体)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2024/01/0</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">1</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(一) 腹痛的初步评估</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腹痛有许多病因,家庭医生和急症室都经常</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">要</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">诊治不同的腹痛症状。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">1/4 的腹痛没有明显的病因</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">但医生必须排除一些较严重的病变,因为如果未能够及早诊断,可能导致身体损害甚</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">危及生命。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">到访急症室的病人,通常需要经过甄别评估,厘订病情的严重程度。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">初步要确定呼吸道畅顺,呼吸频率正常,和血液循环维持稳定。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果病人的情况不稳定,就要立即开始诊治和急救。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">情况较稳定的病人,医生会搜寻病人过往的病历和服用的药物,询问病人的症状和发病过程,评估是否有感染、内出血、和女性怀孕的可能性。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">临床检查腹腔和盆腔,是否有剧痛、积水或鼓胀。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">年轻女性需要检测尿液,验孕和排除泌尿道感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">腹痛可能会漫延或传</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">递</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">腹股沟、背部、胸部和肩膊。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果病人有高烧和屙呕肚泻;可能需要输液和使用药物治疗抒减症状。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">有内出血迹象和血压不稳定的病人,需要配血准备输血补充,和知会手术科医生听取意见。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">医生检查腹部通常会将腹部划分为上、下、左、右</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">4 个部位,例如右上腹痛可能是连接横膈膜的肺部病变,肝、胆或肾脏问题,左上腹部有胃肠、胰脏、脾脏和肾脏等器官,右下腹部疼痛就要排除盲肠炎、女性卵巢和宫外孕等病症。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(二) 消化不良症状</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">都市人许多都有消化不良症状,大部分是因为生活节奏紧张和饮食习惯失调。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">正常情况下进食时胃部肌肉会自然放松,增加纳入食物的容量,和开始绞扭性的蠕动,将食物、胃酸和消化酶混合,变成食糜。胃的消化过程完毕后胃部肌肉会慢慢收缩,出口扩张,将食糜推进十二指肠和小肠,继续消化和吸收。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果胃的蠕动和松紧调节出现障碍,进食时不能够放松扩张,食物的容量减少,进食时很快就会有饱的感觉。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">蠕动减慢和不协调,食物长时间留在胃部,就会感觉胀闷。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">即使没有进食,若果不能够将持续分泌的胃液排出,亦会感觉有胃气和胃胀</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">消化不良大多数是胃功能不协调,少部分是因为消化系统的病症,例如胃和十二指肠溃疡、和胃癌。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">除却有胃胀和胃气</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">感觉,可能有胃酸逆流、吞咽困难、上腹部不适、呕心、食欲不佳、经常排气和腹泻等症状。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">部分人感觉口腔有异味。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果有体重下降和贫血等征象,就要尽快找医生安排检验。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">治疗先要改善生活和饮食习惯,戒烟酒、减少进食辛辣、酸性、和油腻的食物、与及含有气体的饮品。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">胃酸胃气过多,可以服用抑制胃酸分泌的药物。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">帮助消化,可以添加含有多种消化酵素的补充剂。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(三) 胃肠溃疡</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">胃或十二指肠</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">黏膜层被胃酸和消化</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">液</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">侵蚀,加上细菌感染和药物的影响,就可能出现表层破损或更深层的溃疡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">幽门螺旋菌感染是最常导致胃肠黏膜破损和出现病变的原因。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">长期服用阿司匹林,或其他非甾类风湿抗炎药例如布洛芬和</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">Naprosyn,</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">都</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">可能削弱黏膜层引发溃疡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">成年人和长者较多出现胃肠溃疡,但酗酒、滥药、极度恐慌和压力,都会增加病发的机会。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">约半数的患者有家族遗传的病史。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">不良的饮食习惯须然会影响健康,但很少会导致胃肠溃疡。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">胃肠溃疡初期可能没有症状,部分人上腹部可能在饥饿时感觉有灼热疼痛的感觉,进食或服用抗胃酸药就可以抒解症状,但</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">2 至 3 小时后又会感觉不适。 严重的溃疡,可能导致胃肠出血、穿破、发炎结痂导致阻塞,和引发癌症病变。 检验先从测试幽门螺旋菌和大便隐血开始。 确诊最准确的方法是安排内窥镜检查食道、胃和小肠,抽取细胞组织活检</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">。</span> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">内窥镜可以用于治疗急性的溃疡出血,局部注射止血的药物。</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">因为幽门螺旋菌是致病的主要病因,若果有细菌存在,就要服用抗生素和抑制胃酸分泌的药物疗程。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果有胃肠穿破或阻塞,重覆出血,就需要动手术治疗。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(四) 胆结石</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">基于饮食的选择,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">10% 至 20% 北美洲人都有胆结石,但 80% 并没有症状。 女性出现症状的机会较高,而且随着年岁增加。 胆囊是肝下方一个梨形囊状器官</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">帮助储藏胆汁。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">进食时胆囊释放出胆汁,经胆管流注</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">小肠上段,帮助分解食物脂肪。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">胆结石通常是因为胆汁不流畅,以致沉淀形成固体,初期胆石像沙粒,逐渐凝聚成为大的结石,达到数公分直径。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">胆结石有最常见的黄色胆固醇结石,和黑褐色的胆红素结石。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">胆结石堵塞胆管</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">,可能导致胆囊炎和胰腺炎. 但在引发急性胆囊炎之前,通常有重覆的胆绞痛症状。 胆绞痛发作时右上腹感觉非常疼痛,而且传递到右边肩膊和手臂,兼且有噁心、剧烈呕吐,但症状持续数小时后,大多数会自动消退。 若果胆管内的结石长时间堵塞,就可能引发急性胆囊炎。 胆囊炎的症状是持续的胆管痛, 右上腹感觉痛楚,按下去非常疼痛,而且有反弹的痛楚,发烧发冷,剧烈呕吐。 若果不能够立即安排动手术去除发炎的胆囊,可能呈现缺水和黄疸的转变。 确诊的方法是做超声波检验。 急性胆囊炎通常需要在 24 小时内动手术,以免胆囊破裂导致腹腔和血液感染。 预防胆结石,是要减少摄取脂肪,降低胆固醇,和多做运动。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(五) 腹痛需知</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急症室每天都要处理多宗腹痛症状,肠胃病</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">最常见的病因。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">但腹部由外至内</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">包括腹部皮肤、肌肉、结缔组织、胃、肠和内脏器官,都可以引发痛楚。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">心肺疾病,亦可以刺激横隔膜引发上腹部的疼痛感觉。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">幸而大部分腹痛都没有严重的病因,只需要休息、补充水分、服用适当抒解症状的药物,都会自动消退。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急性剧烈的腹痛,若果伴随有高烧、局部的痛楚、起坐</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">令到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">痛楚增加、持续呕吐、吐血或大便带血、感觉虚弱和眩晕、血压下降、不能够排尿、和症状持续恶化,都需要尽快</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">到</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">急症室诊治。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">怀孕的女性,若果有剧烈腹痛和下部出血,亦需要尽快诊治。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">持续时发时止</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">腹痛,即使痛楚可以忍受,亦需要找出病因。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果伴随有非节食</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">而</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">体重骤然下降、没有明显原因的虚弱和疲乏感觉、排便习惯转变,例如突然出现便秘成持续腹泻、肛门出血或粪便有血、服用止痛药</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">亦</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">不能够消除的腹痛症状、</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">尿道有感染的迹象和后腰肾脏部位感觉疼痛、异常的经期或大量的经血,都需要尽快找医生诊治。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">腹部鼓胀、下肢水肿、黄疸</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">, 亦可能是肝脏和腹腔内</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">严重病变。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">乙型肝炎和导致子宫颈癌的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">HPV 病毒感染,都有疫苗可以预防。</span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-46439899819627352622024-01-03T02:31:00.000-08:002024-01-03T02:31:30.802-08:002023 健康新聞回顧 Health News Review (繁體)<p> <span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2023/12/25</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">天災人禍</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在過去一年,美洲和歐洲的溫度都有提升的跡象,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">10 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">月份的平均溫度比</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 20 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">世紀任何一年同一個月高出攝氏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 1.34 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">度。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">夏季炎熱的天氣,草和樹叢變得乾涸;若果有閃電或人為的火種,就會釀成山火。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">除卻房屋被焚毀和人畜傷亡,山火釋出大量的污染氣體和懸浮粒子,刺激眼、耳、鼻、喉和引發呼吸道病症。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">山火釋出的氣體更會增加溫室效應。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">樹木被焚毀,失去了固土的作用,暴雨更容易會導致山</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">泥</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">傾瀉和泛濫。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因為氣溫提升,一些本應在熱帶才流行的傳染病亦有北移的跡象。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">經昆蟲螫咬傳播的疾病,例如西尼羅病毒、寨卡病毒、基孔肯雅病毒</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> (Chikungunya)</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">、和登革熱病毒,亦開始漫延到北美洲,因為昆蟲在溫暖的環境下更容易滋生。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">水溫升高,一些經水傳播的寄生蟲,例如隱孢子蟲,和細菌,例如霍亂孤菌,亦會加速繁殖</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">導</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">致人類感染。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">高溫天氣,如果未能夠將室內的溫度調節,可能會引發中暑的症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">本省政府在夏天亦嘗試提供空調給與居住在高溫環境的居民。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">今天是聖誕節,亦希望世界和平。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">戰爭導致人命傷亡,人民流離失所,缺水,缺糧和缺乏醫療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果不能夠妥善處理屍體,亦可能暴發疫症。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">許多難民都等待救援。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">醫生短缺</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">加拿大近年大幅吸納新移民,每年批準</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 500,000 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個新移民進入加拿大,目標是強化經濟體系,容許家庭團聚,和</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">幫</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">助難民安頓棲身。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">人口增加,居住房屋、教育、醫療、就業、物質供應的需求亦相應增加。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">新移民要找家庭醫生並不容易,須然政府推出資助方案,增加家庭醫生的收入,但仍然供不應求。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果每一位醫生能夠接收</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 1000 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個新病人,每年就需要增加</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 500 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個家庭醫生,還要取代即將退休的年長醫生。加拿大有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 17 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">家醫學院</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">, 每年有</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2900 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個醫生畢業。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">加拿大亦放寬醫務人員移民到加拿大的限制和加速審批。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">外國畢業的醫生,即使有加拿大公民籍,仍然需要經過多重考核才能夠獲得本地的執業牌照。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因為家庭醫生數目不足夠,許多診所都有人滿之患,不能夠適時為病人提供診治。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">聖誕節臨近,到醫院急症室要求診治的人數亦屢創新高級。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">為了減少急症室的擁塞,近年逐漸開設了數間急症診所,作為急症室的外展服務,處理一些非極度危急的症狀,由醫生和護士治療師主診。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">部份急症診所有護士和社工組成的團隊,為病人提供護理。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因為營運成本較高,聘請的醫生和護士治療師人數亦受到限制,輪候時間亦較長。</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">濫藥危機</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">加拿大的濫藥問題近於失控,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">2023 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 4000 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">多人因為濫藥而死亡,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">4 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">萬多人需要入院治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">青少年和年輕人濫用藥物的數目以倍數上升,接收戒毒治療和提供戒毒的設施卻未見增加。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">加拿大採用的是減少損害策略,為吸毒者設置安全注射或吸服中心,提供潔淨的針具和計劃供應潔淨的鴉片類藥物;但並沒有著眼於推行和強制戒毒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">芬太尼是人工合成的強力鴉片類藥物,鎮痛作用比嗎啡高</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 100 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">倍。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">本</span></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">應</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">用於臨床麻醉,吸收和效用快速,藥效持續的時間較短,是相當理想的麻醉劑。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">芬太尼即使注射在皮下</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">亦</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">可以迅速吸收,經過血液通過血腦屏障進入大腦,數分鐘內藥效達到高峰,維持約半小時。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">慣常濫藥的人藥效過後可能有渴求藥物的需要。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">藥物過量或累積會導致急性中毒,抑制呼吸以致缺氧死亡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">納洛酮可以封閉和解除鴉片類藥物的麻醉作用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">近年發現街頭售賣的毒品更加滲入了</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Xylazine </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的成份,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Xylazine</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是用於動物的鎮靜劑,可以延長芬太尼的藥效,但會導致睏倦、反應遲鈍、心跳緩慢、低血壓和壓抑呼吸等反應,而且注射納洛酮並不能夠解除</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Xylazine </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">的藥效。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Xylazine </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和芬太尼混合使用可能導致嚴重的皮膚潰瘍和膿腫,而且並不局限於注射的部位。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">四</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">藥物短缺</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一種用於治療二型糖尿病的藥物,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ozempic, </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2023 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年備受關注。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Ozempic </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是注射劑,通常每</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">週</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">注射一次,可以幫助調節血糖。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Ozempic </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在血糖升高時會刺激胰臟增加分泌胰島素,抑制肝臟釋出血糖,和減慢胃的蠕動和消化功能。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Ozempic </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">必需結合食療、運動、和其他降糖藥物才能夠妥善控制糖尿病。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Ozempic </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">屬於</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> GLP-1 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">腸促胰素類藥物,除卻降糖以外,尚有壓抑食慾和減輕體重的功能,所以經常被用作減肥藥物,但可能會導致腸胃不適、胃脹、嘔心、噁心、腸瀉或便秘;和許多其他副作用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因為減重功效相當顯著,許多體重過高的人都樂於嘗試使用,以致出現供不應求的現象。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">有厭食傾向,懷孕或哺乳期間的女性不應使用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">近日有報導</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Ozempic </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">和同類的藥物可能會引發自殺的念頭。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">除卻</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> Ozempic, </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">過去的一年經常出現多種藥物短缺的現象,例如幫助兒童退燒止痛的布洛芬和泰諾。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">常用的兒童抗生素亦出現短缺。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因為兒童出現發燒、傷風感冒症狀的數目大幅上升,而且部份人大量團積搶購,以致短缺的情況更加惡化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">加拿大大部份的藥物都依賴外國供應,因為本地製作的成本過高,而且加拿大有嚴格的排污限制。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">預防勝於治療,為孩子安排接種預防流感和新冠病毒的疫苗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">基因編緝</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">今年有許多負面消息,幸而疫情亦帶動了檢測病毒和生產疫苗的科技。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">加上人工智能的發展,相信日後即使有新的疫症出現,亦可以加速研發疫苗和抗病毒的藥物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">但近日亦有報導一家生產新冠病毒快速測試檢驗的公司,為了爭取政府合約,將數據更改</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">,提升測試的準確程度。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">CRISPR </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">是一種先進的基因編緝技術,是目前最簡單,通用和最精確的基因編緝方法,容許遺傳學家和其他研究人員,添加或改變部份基因組的序列。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">用處是可以編緝和改變導致疾病的基因,修改後將正常的基因還原到患者的身體細胞組織。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">引進這種技術的學者在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2020 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年獲得諾貝爾化學獎。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">今年</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 11 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">月英、美兩國先後批准使用改造基因的藥物治療兩種血液疾病,鐮刀形細胞貧血症和地中海貧血。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在臨床實驗中,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">97% </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">鐮刀形細胞貧血症患者,在接受治療後一年內不需要承受症狀復發時的不適和痛楚。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">參與研究的嚴重地中海貧血患者,治療後大部份一年內不需要輸血補充。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">經常輸血會導致攻擊紅血球的抗體增加和鐵質凝聚在內臟。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">目前基因治療程序相當冗長</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">, 需要在醫院內接受化療和將改善後的幹細胞移植,藥物和治療程序的價格非常昂貴,完成一個療程,需要</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 2 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">百萬美元。</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-35765704010143187782024-01-03T02:26:00.000-08:002024-01-03T02:26:49.120-08:002023 健康新闻回顾 Health News Review (简体)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2023/12/25</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(一) 天灾人祸</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">在过去一年,美洲和欧洲的温度都有提升的迹象,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">10 月份的平均温度比 20 世纪任何一年同一个月高出摄氏 1.34 度。 夏季炎热的天气,草和树丛变得干涸;若果有闪电或人为的火种,就会酿成山火。 除却房屋被焚毁和人畜伤亡,山火释出大量的污染气体和悬浮粒子,刺激眼、耳、鼻、喉和引发呼吸道病症。 山火释出的气体更会增加温室效应。 树木被焚毁,失去了固土的作用,暴雨更容易会导致山</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">泥</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">倾泻和泛滥。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">因为气温提升,一些本应在热带才流行的传染病亦有北移的迹象。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">经昆虫螫咬传播的疾病,例如西尼罗病毒、寨卡病毒、基孔肯雅病毒</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">(Chikungunya)、和登革热病毒,亦开始漫延到北美洲,因为昆虫在温暖的环境下更容易滋生。 水温升高,一些经水传播的寄生虫,例如隐孢子虫,和细菌,例如霍乱孤菌,亦会加速繁殖</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">导</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">致人类感染。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">高温天气,如果未能够将室内的温度调节,可能会引发中暑的症状。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">本省政府在夏天亦尝试提供空调给与居住在高温环境的居民。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">今天是圣诞节,亦希望世界和平。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">战争导致人命伤亡,人民流离失所,缺水,缺粮和缺乏医疗。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果不能够妥善处理尸体,亦可能暴发疫症。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">许多难民都等待救援。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(二) 医生短缺</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">加拿大近年大幅吸纳新移民,每年批准</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">500,000 个新移民进入加拿大,目标是强化经济体系,容许家庭团聚,和</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">帮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">助难民安顿栖身。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">人口增加,居住房屋、教育、医疗、就业、物质供应的需求亦相应增加。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">新移民要找家庭医生并不容易,须然政府推出资助方案,增加家庭医生的收入,但仍然供不应求。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">若果每一位医生能够接收</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">1000 个新病人,每年就需要增加 500 个家庭医生,还要取代即将退休的年长医生。加拿大有 17 家医学院, 每年有 2900 个医生毕业。 加拿大亦放宽医务人员移民到加拿大的限制和加速审批。 外国毕业的医生,即使有加拿大公民籍,仍然需要经过多重考核才能够获得本地的执业牌照。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">因为家庭医生数目不足够,许多诊所都有人满之患,不能够适时为病人提供诊治。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">圣诞节临近,到医院急症室要求诊治的人数亦屡创新高级。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">为了减少急症室的拥塞,近年逐渐开设了数间急症诊所,作为急症室的外展服务,处理一些非极度危急的症状,由医生和护士治疗师主诊。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">部分急症诊所有护士和社工组成的团队,为病人提供护理。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">因为营运成本较高,聘请的医生和护士治疗师人数亦受到限制,轮候时间亦较长。</span></span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(三) 滥药危机</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">加拿大的滥药问题近于失控,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">2023 头 6 个月有 4000 多人因为滥药而死亡,4 万多人需要入院治疗。 青少年和年轻人滥用药物的数目以倍数上升,接收戒毒治疗和提供戒毒的设施却未见增加。 加拿大采用的是减少损害策略,为吸毒者设置安全注射或吸服中心,提供洁净的针具和计划供应洁净的鸦片类药物;但并没有着眼于推行和强制戒毒。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">芬太尼是人工合成的强力鸦片类药物,镇痛作用比吗啡高</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">100 倍。 本</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">应</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">用于临床麻醉,吸收和效用快速,药效持续的时间较短,是相当理想的麻醉剂。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">芬太尼即使注射在皮下</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">亦</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">可以迅速吸收,经过血液通过血脑屏障进入大脑,数分钟内药效达到高峰,维持约半小时。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">惯常滥药的人药效过后可能有渴求药物的需要。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">药物过量或累积会导致急性中毒,抑制呼吸以致缺氧死亡。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">纳洛酮可以封闭和解除鸦片类药物的麻醉作用。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">近年发现街头售卖的毒品更加渗入了</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">Xylazine 的成分,Xylazine 是用于动物的镇静剂,可以延长芬太尼的药效,但会导致困倦、反应迟钝、心跳缓慢、低血压和压抑呼吸等反应,而且注射纳洛酮并不能够解除 Xylazine 的药效。 Xylazine 和芬太尼混合使用可能导致严重的皮肤溃疡和脓肿,而且并不局限于注射的部位。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(四) 药物短缺</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">一种用于治疗二型糖尿病的药物,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">Ozempic, 在 2023 年备受关注。Ozempic 是注射剂,通常每</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">周</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">注射一次,可以帮助调节血糖。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">Ozempic 在血糖升高时会刺激胰脏增加分泌胰岛素,抑制肝脏释出血糖,和减慢胃的蠕动和消化功能。 Ozempic 必需结合食疗、运动、和其他降糖药物才能够妥善控制糖尿病。 Ozempic 属于 GLP-1 肠促胰素类药物,除却降糖以外,尚有压抑食欲和减轻体重的功能,所以经常被用作减肥药物,但可能会导致肠胃不适、胃胀、呕心、噁心、肠泻或便秘;和许多其他副作用。 因为减重功效相当显著,许多体重过高的人都乐于尝试使用,以致出现供不应求的现象。 有厌食倾向,怀孕或哺乳期间的女性不应使用。 近日有报道 Ozempic 和同类的药物可能会引发自杀的念头。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">除却</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">Ozempic, 过去的一年经常出现多种药物短缺的现象,例如帮助儿童退烧止痛的布洛芬和泰诺。 常用的儿童抗生素亦出现短缺。 因为儿童出现发烧、伤风感冒症状的数目大幅上升,而且部分人大量团积抢购,以致短缺的情况更加恶化。 加拿大大部分的药物都依赖外国供应,因为本地制作的成本过高,而且加拿大有严格的排污限制。 预防胜于治疗,为孩子安排接种预防流感和新冠病毒的疫苗。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(五) 基因编缉</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">今年有许多负面消息,幸而疫情亦带动了检测病毒和生产疫苗的科技。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">加上人工智能的发展,相信日后即使有新的疫症出现,亦可以加速研发疫苗和抗病毒的药物。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">但近日亦有报道一家生产新冠病毒快速测试检验的公司,为了争取政府合约,将数据更改</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">,提升测试的准确程度。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">CRISPR 是一种先进的基因编缉技术,是目前最简单,通用和最精确的基因编缉方法,容许遗传学家和其他研究人员,添加或改变部分基因组的序列。 用处是可以编缉和改变导致疾病的基因,修改后将正常的基因还原到患者的身体细胞组织。 引进这种技术的学者在 2020 年获得诺贝尔化学奖。 今年 11 月英、美两国先后批准使用改造基因的药物治疗两种血液疾病,镰刀形细胞贫血症和地中海贫血。 在临床实验中,97% 镰刀形细胞贫血症患者,在接受治疗后一年内不需要承受症状复发时的不适和痛楚。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">参与研究的严重地中海贫血患者,治疗后大部分一年内不需要输血补充。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">经常输血会导致攻击红血球的抗体增加和铁质凝聚在内脏。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">目前基因治疗程序相当冗长</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">, 需要在医院内接受化疗和将改善后的干细胞移植,药物和治疗程序的价格非常昂贵,完成一个疗程,需要 2 至 3 百万美元。</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5239735876273231828.post-67684254847967942622023-12-29T23:55:00.000-08:002023-12-29T23:55:46.245-08:00眼科病症 Eye Disease (繁體)<p><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;">2023/11/27</span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年歲和視力</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">視聽是接收外界訊息的主要感官,必須定期檢查和護理。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">兒童出生後到青少年期間,眼睛和視力會持續成長和轉變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">初生嬰兒的視力模糊,但隨著時間就能夠辨認提供照顧的親人。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">醫生會測試嬰兒瞳孔對光的反應,和強光會否刺激眼睛閉合,而且光照射下瞳孔會呈現紅色。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">至</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 12 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">個月大時就可以觀察眼球的動態,上下左右和同步轉動,眼睛的大小和形態。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">一歲以後可能會出現弱視和斜視的問題,需要轉介給眼科醫生做詳細的檢查。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲以上的孩子可以開始接受較詳盡的視力測試,包括近視、遠視和散光等折光投影障礙。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在入學前開始作出糾正,例如配戴適當的眼鏡。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">成年人若果患有糖尿病、高血壓、家族遺傳的眼病,例如青光眼,就要及早開始例行的眼鏡檢查。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">配戴隱形眼鏡亦需要定期檢查和護理。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果有感染發炎、眼鏡受傷、眼鏡疼痛、出現閃光、飛蚊或黑幕、疊影、異常的顏色光影、和突然視力減退,都需要儘快請醫生安排視覺檢查。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">年長人士會逐漸出現白內障、糖尿病引發的視網膜病變、黃斑退化、青光眼、和眼乾等症狀,除卻要改善基本的病變,亦需要檢查眼睛和開始治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">二</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">基本眼睛檢測</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在急症室,所有病人都會接受基本的身體檢查,量度體溫、脈博、血壓、呼吸速度、和為有心肺和嚴重病症的病人測試血氧飽和度。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眼睛出現故障的病人,亦需要做基本的眼睛測試。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">觀察眼睛是否有明顯的變化,例如創傷、發炎、眼睛突出、下陷和不對稱等病變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眼睛的初步檢測包括視力,理想的視力是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 20/20</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,即是在</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 20 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">英尺以外能夠清楚看到大多數人都能夠看到的事物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">通常是請病人識別和讀出</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 20 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">尺以外在白色背景上的大小黑色字母或符號。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">視力嚴重衰退的人士,仍然可以檢查能否數手指,覺察事物移動,和光影。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眼醫可以採用機器量度眼球對光的折射和聚焦程度。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">測試瞳孔的大小和對光的反應,光點移動時瞳孔的適應速度。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">視野測試是當病人注視醫生鼻子時,在頭部不轉動下能否看見中央和旁側的事物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">若果眼球出現病變,就可能會出現盲點、視野收窄或局部有看不到的遺缺。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眼球的轉動有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">條肌肉控制,經</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">對</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">頭顱神經協調,檢查的方法是要求病人頭部不動,但眼球跟隨光點上下左右和斜角轉動。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在局部麻醉和擴張瞳孔後,醫生可以量度眼壓和窺視角膜、瞳孔、眼球晶片和眼球後視網膜的轉變。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">三</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚴重的紅眼症狀</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眼睛充血發紅有許多病因,大部份都不屬於嚴重症狀,但若果影響視力和感覺疼痛,就需要儘快請醫生診治。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">本省的註冊光學醫生有良好的設備可以提供檢測和診治。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">家庭醫生和普通診所通常沒有裂隙燈,量度眼壓的儀器和擴張瞳孔的藥物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">角膜潰瘍會導致劇烈疼痛、紅眼、流淚、有異物感覺和畏光、視力模糊。常見的原因包括配戴隱形眼鏡過長時間和清洗不當、眼睛不能夠完全閉合、異物侵襲或刮傷、過度使用類固醇眼藥。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">潰瘍的部位可能出現感染,若果不能夠及</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">時</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">妥善治理,可能會導致角膜穿破、眼內炎、結痂反應甚至失明。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">治療包括局部清洗、按照感染的源頭、局部或服用對抗微生物感染的藥物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">葡萄膜是眼睛內含有色素的一層結構,包括環繞瞳孔內的彩色結構,連繫眼球晶片的睫狀體肌肉,和延伸到眼球內含有許多微細血管的脈絡膜。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急性葡萄膜發炎症狀很明顯,結膜充血、劇烈眼痛、畏光、視力減退和變得模糊。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眼睛檢查會顯示角膜旁的微絲血管充血突出,角膜後的房水有漂浮的白細胞。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span style="font-family: SimSun;">病因包括自體免疫性疾病影響眼睛、病毒或細菌感染、淋巴癌。</span> <span style="font-family: SimSun;">治理通常要針對病因,和局部使用皮質類固醇和擴張瞳孔的眼藥水。</span></span><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">四</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眼睛的創傷</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眼睛除卻視覺,更是五官形貌的重要部份,必需要妥善保護。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">經常導致眼睛受傷的原因包括打鬥、拳擊、被球類或其他物件碰撞眼睛、被爆炸或工作期間意外彈出的碎片、和其他高速的異物擊中、碰到樹枝或其他障礙物、飛濺的化學物質。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚴重的眼睛創傷通常都相當明顯,但必需排除其他頭頸部和身體的創傷。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">從觀察開始,眼皮和眼的週邊是否有明顯的傷口或瘀傷;眼球突出或凹陷、疼痛、視力退減或喪失、檢測視野、瞳孔的反應、眼球轉動的幅度,和角膜下充血,和沒有受傷的一邊比較。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">嚴重的眼睛創傷需要轉介給眼科專科醫生診治和跟進。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">在等候期間,用眼罩和敷料保護傷口和眼睛,補加預防破傷風的疫苗注射,開始抗生素治</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">療</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">預防細菌感染,止痛和抒解嘔心感覺的藥物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">眼球爆裂,就需要動手術清理爆裂的眼睛,傷口痊癒後安排配戴假眼睛。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">黏附在眼睛表層的異物,可以嘗試用濕的棉花捧階抹移除或用針挑出。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">金屬粒子移除後若果有遺留下的銹漬,就需要轉介給眼科醫生將銹漬磨除減少結痂反應。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">高速的金屬或其他粒子,可能穿破進入眼球,需要借助電腦斷層素描確定異物所在的部位,再決定取出的方法。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">(</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">五</span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">青光眼</span></b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p align="justify" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0000pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">青光眼是一組嚴重影響視力,甚至導致失明的眼疾。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">因為眼壓上升,損害視覺神經。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">早期可能沒有明顯症狀,但逐漸失去週邊視力,視野逐漸縮</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">窄</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">,看不到兩側的事物。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">青光眼有遺傳傾向,</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">60 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">歲以上的華人婦女較多出現症狀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">青光眼有原發性和因其他病症引發的繼發性兩大類。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">原發性的青光眼可以劃分為前房角開放,前房角閉合,和眼壓正常的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">大類,共同點是視覺神經逐漸受到損害。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">繼發性的青光眼是因為其他病變導致眼壓過高,例如晚期白內障、糖尿病導致血管增生、葡萄膜炎、甲狀腺眼突、手術和創傷。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">定期的詳細眼睛檢查,可以及早發現病變和開始治療,減少視覺神經受到損害。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">控制青光眼的目標是減低眼壓和稳定視覺功能。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">初期多數採用滴眼藥水治療,若果未能妥善控制,可能需要加上激光和手術治療。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">白內障手術是用薄的人工晶體鏡片取代混濁膨脹的舊晶體,有助於減少房角堵塞和降低眼壓。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">急性青光眼是眼壓突然標升、視力變得模糊和出現光圈、眼睛發紅脹痛、角膜變得混濁、兼且引發劇烈眼後端痛楚和頭痛、嘔吐。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">必需儘快送到醫院治理,才能夠保存視力。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0000pt; mso-font-kerning: 0.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">初步治療是用眼藥水和注射藥物降低眼壓,若果未能夠控制或要安排手術治理。</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0000pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 等线; mso-font-kerning: 1.0000pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Dr. Sze, Ming Kinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01015310169273237887noreply@blogger.com0